Fig. 3.

Diphtheria- and tetanus-specific CD4⁺ T cells following vaccination with GM-CSF. Mice received a primary immunization series with either two or three shots of Infanrix® IPV and GM-CSF or placebo as shown by the immunization scheme in Fig. 1b. Splenocytes were isolated either 7 days after the second shot (a and b), or seven days after the third shot (c and d), and re-stimulated with diphtheria (a and c) or tetanus (b and d) toxoid. Production of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 in CD4⁺ T cells was measured by flow cytometry. Mann-Whitney U test was performed with a sample size of n = 5–6. *p < 0.05.