Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects in the 4 growth groups. Values in table are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). Legend: FGD = fetal growth deceleration; RPWG = rapid postnatal weight gain; ppBMI = pre-pregnancy body mass index; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; SGA = small-for-gestational-age; AGA = appropriate-for-gestational-age; LGA = large-for-gestational-age
| Mismatch n=85 |
FGD-only n=113 |
RPWG-only n=186 |
Reference n=186 |
Total n=797 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Parental characteristics
| |||||
| Maternal education | |||||
| < 12yr | 26 (31.0%) | 55 (48.7%) | 75 (41.0%) | 146 (35.5%) | 302 (38.2%) |
| ≥ 12yr | 58 (69.0%) | 58 (51.3%) | 108 (59.0%) | 265 (64.5%) | 489 (61.8%) |
| Monthly household income | |||||
| High (≥ S$6000) | 24 (31.2%) | 29 (26.6%) | 40 (23.1%) | 142 (37.1%) | 235 (31.7%) |
| Mid (S$2000 – 5999) | 42 (54.5%) | 63 (57.8%) | 109 (63.0%) | 196 (51.2%) | 410 (55.3%) |
| Low (< S$2000) | 11 (14.3%) | 17 (15.6%) | 24 (13.9%) | 45 (11.7%) | 97 (13.1%) |
| Parity | |||||
| Parous | 36 (42.4%) | 65 (57.5%) | 105 (56.5%) | 237 (57.4%) | 443 (55.6%) |
| Nulliparous | 49 (57.6%) | 48 (42.5%) | 81 (43.5%) | 176 (42.6%) | 354 (44.4%) |
| Paternal height (m) | 1.72 ± 0.05 | 1.71 ± 0.07 | 1.71 ± 0.07 | 1.71 ± 0.06 | 1.71 ± 0.06 |
| Maternal height (m) | 1.60 ± 0.05 | 1.59 ± 0.05 | 1.59 ± 0.06 | 1.58 ± 0.06 | 1.58 ± 0.06 |
| ppBMI (kg/m2) | 22.62 ± 4.77 | 22.91 ± 4.55 | 22.87 ± 4.59 | 22.65 ± 4.21 | 22.73 ± 4.40 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 12.88 ± 4.96 | 13.02 ± 4.73 | 13.67 ± 5.67 | 14.02 ± 5.71 | 13.68 ± 5.50 |
| Maternal age (yr) | 31.03 ± 5.14 | 31.71 ± 4.99 | 31.58 ± 4.95 | 31.57 ± 5.05 | 31.54 ± 5.02 |
| Maternal cotinine (ng/ml) | 4.73 ± 22.12 | 2.16 ± 11.28 | 2.46 ± 11.96 | 1.19 ± 7.94 | 2.01 ± 11.73 |
| Maternal FPG (mmol/L) | 4.28 ± 0.43 | 4.27 ± 0.42 | 4.41 ± 0.53 | 4.37 ± 0.46 | 4.35 ± 0.47 |
|
Child characteristics
| |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 35 (41.2%) | 46 (40.7%) | 97 (52.2%) | 205 (49.6%) | 383 (48.1%) |
| Male | 50 (58.8%) | 67 (59.3%) | 89 (47.8%) | 208 (50.4%) | 414 (51.9%) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Chinese | 50 (58.8%) | 65 (57.5%) | 87 (46.8%) | 263 (63.7%) | 465 (58.3%) |
| Malay | 14 (16.5%) | 36 (31.9%) | 51 (27.4%) | 94 (22.8%) | 195 (24.5%) |
| Indian | 21 (24.7%) | 12 (10.6%) | 48 (25.8%) | 56 (13.6%) | 137 (17.2%) |
| Gestational age (wk) | 38.67 ± 1.01 | 38.90 ± 0.91 | 38.85 ± 1.07 | 39.25 ± 0.93 | 39.05 ± 0.99 |
| Birthweight (kg) | 2.87 ± 0.31 | 3.11 ± 0.38 | 3.03 ± 0.37 | 3.30 ± 0.36 | 3.17 ± 0.39 |
| Low birthweight | |||||
| No | 73 (85.9%) | 108 (95.6%) | 171 (91.9%) | 412 (99.8%) | 764 (95.9%) |
| Yes | 12 (14.1%) | 5 (4.4%) | 15 (8.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 33 (4.1%) |
| Birthweight categories | |||||
| SGA | 20 (23.5%) | 12 (10.6%) | 28 (15.1%) | 15 (3.6%) | 75 (9.4%) |
| AGA | 65 (76.5%) | 85 (75.2%) | 140 (75.3%) | 303 (73.4%) | 593 (74.4%) |
| LGA | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (14.2%) | 18 (9.7%) | 95 (23.0%) | 129 (16.2%) |