Table 1.
Ether lipids and derivatives with reported involvement in signaling and their association with key signaling components.
| Ether lipid subclass | Alternative names | Common representatives | Section | Common signaling components | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKT/PKB | PKC | PPAR | GPCR | MAPK | ||||
| Plasmalogen (Plasmenyl phospholipids) | 1-(1Z-Alkenyl)-2-acyl-3-phosphocholine (plasmenylcholine) | 2.1 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
| 1-(1Z-Alkenyl)-2-acyl-3-phosphoethanolamine (plasmenylethanolamine) | 2.2 | |||||||
| Plasmalogen-derived PUFA* | AA DHA |
2.2 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
| 2-Halo fatty aldehydes | 2-Chloro fatty aldehyde 2-Bromo fatty aldehyde 2-Iodo fatty aldehyde |
2.2 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| Lysoplasmalogen | 1-(1Z-Alkenyl)-2-lyso-3-phosphocholine or –ethanolamine | 2.3 | ||||||
| pNAPE* | 1-(1Z-Alkenyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine | 2.4 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| PAF | 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine Acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phosphorylcholine PAF-acether |
2.5 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Lyso-PAF | 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine | 2.5 | ||||||
| Alkylglycerol | 1- O-Alkyl-sn-glycerol | Octadecylglycerol (batyl alcohol) Hexadecylglycerol (chimyl alcohol) |
2.6 | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Alkyl-LPA | 1-O-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate | 2.7 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
| Alkenyl-LPA | 1-(1Z-Alkenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate | 2.7 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Noladin ether | 2-O-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether 2-O-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-Eicosatetraenyl)-sn-glycerol | 2.8 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| Ether-linked diglycerides | 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol | 2.9 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Plasmanyl phospholipids | 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-3-phosphocholine (plasmanylcholine) 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-3 phosphoethanolamine (plasmanylethanolamine) |
2.10 | ✔ | |||||
| Seminolipid | 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-3-[β-3’-sulfogalactosyl]-glycerol | 2.11 | ||||||
| Fecapentaene | 1-(1-Glycero)dodeca/ tetradeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene | Fecapentaene-12 Fecapentaene-14 |
2.12 | |||||
| GPI anchor | Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchor | 2.13 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
AA, arachidonic acid; AKT/PKB, protein kinase B; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; MAPK, mitogen- activated protein kinase; PAF, platelet-activating factor; PKC, protein kinase C; pNAPE, N-acyl ethanolamine plasmalogen; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
*
Involves PUFAs/pNAPEs themselves as well as their metabolites.