Extended Data Fig. 9. Gallic acid reverses mutant-p53-induced WNT suppression and promotes dysplasia and tumorigenesis across the entire gut.

a, Levels of gallic acid in the jejunum and ileum of gallic-acid-treated and non-treated CKIa ^Δgut p53 ^R172H mice. Mean ± s.e.m. (n, number of samples, each pooled from two mice), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. b, qPCR of SDH-coding genes and 16S rRNA genes from mouse stool. Mean ± s.e.m. (n, number of mice from which stool was collected), relative to CKIa ^fl/fl (normalized to 1), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. c, qPCR of SDH-coding genes from the mucosa of different segments of the mouse gut. Mean ± s.e.m. (n, number of mice) relative to CKIa ^fl/fl jejunum (normalized to 1), Kruskal–Wallis with Conover’s test. The y axis is represented as a power of 10. d, H&E-stained sections of mouse jejunum. Inserts show high-magnification images of jejunal villi, demonstrating the grade of dysplasia. Scale bar, 100 μm. e, Average nuclear size in mouse jejunal villi. Overall average of the mean values for each mouse ± s.e.m (n, number of microscope fields), one-sided Student’s t-test. f, Dysplasia score (see Methods) of mouse jejunal villi. Overall average of the mean values for each mouse ± s.e.m (n, number of villi), one-sided Student’s t-test. g, h, Representative images of different segments of the mouse bowel. Arrowheads indicate visible tumours. i, Quantification of visible tumours per mouse. Mean ± s.e.m. (n, number of mice), one-sided Student’s t-test. j, Tumour size (each mouse is colour-coded). Overall average of the mean values for each mouse ± s.e.m (n, number of mice), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. k, H3K4me3 ChIP of WNT target promoters in mouse jejunal enterocytes. Mean enrichment ± s.e.m. (n, number of mice), one-sided Student’s t-test. l, RT–qPCR of WNT targets in mouse jejunal enterocytes. Mean ± s.e.m. (n, number of mice) relative to non-treated CKIa ^fl/fl (normalized to 1), one-sided Student’s t-test. m, IHC of WNT targets in mouse jejunum. Scale bars, 100 μm. n, o, Immunoblot of mouse jejunal enterocytes. PP2Ac, loading control. For gel source data, see Supplementary Fig. 1. Representative data from two or three independent experiments (d, g, h, m–o).