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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 7.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Genet. 2021 Jan 7;53(1):35–44. doi: 10.1038/s41588-020-00754-2

Figure 3. Polygenic prediction and genetic correlations with IQ and educational achievement.

Figure 3

a, Genetic correlations of NonCog and Cog with educational attainment, highest math class taken, self-reported math ability, and childhood IQ. The dots represent genetic correlations estimated using Genomic SEM. Correlations with NonCog are in orange, and with Cog in blue. Error bars represent 95% CIs. Exact estimates and P-values are reported in Supplementary Table 14. For analysis of genetic correlations with educational attainment, we re-ran the Genomic-SEM model to compute NonCog and Cog using summary statistics that omitted the 23andMe sample from the educational attainment GWAS. We then used the 23andMe sample to run the GWAS of educational attainment. Thus, there is no sample overlap in this analysis. b, Effect-size distributions from meta-analysis of NonCog and Cog polygenic score associations with cognitive test performance and educational attainment. Outcomes were regressed simultaneously on NonCog and Cog polygenic scores. Effect-sizes entered into the meta-analysis were standardized regression coefficients interpretable as Pearson r. Exact estimates and P-values are reported in Supplementary Table 12. Samples and measures are detailed in Supplementary Tables 9 and 10. Traits were measured in different samples: educational attainment was measured in the AddHealth, Dunedin, E-Risk, NTR, and WLS samples (n = 24,056); reading achievement and mathematics achievement were measured in the AddHealth, NTR, and Texas-Twin samples (n = 9,274 for reading achievement; n = 10,747 for mathematics achievement); cognitive test performance (IQ) was measured in the Dunedin, E-Risk, NTR, Texas Twins, and WLS samples (n = 11,351). The densities were obtained by randomly generating normal distributions where the meta-analytic estimate was included as the mean and the meta-analytic standard error as the standard deviation.