Figure 4. Relationship between trabecular complexity and cardiac function and disease.

a) Variation in pressure-volume relationship with respect to trabecular fractal dimension (FD) in UK Biobank participants (UKB) and in silico biomechanical modelling (FEM) showing a positive association with left ventricular volumes and stroke work. b) Per-slice distribution of FD in the UK Biobank cohort (n=18,096) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM; n=307) patients. Boxplot: lower and upper hinges are 25th and 75th percentiles (IQR), the horizontal line at median; lower/upper whisker from hinge to the smallest/largest value no further than 1.5 * IQR. c). and d). Forest plots for FD effect on HF and DCM estimated by four MR methods. The contribution of each genetic variant to the overall estimate (black; estimated by Wald ratio) and their combined effect as a single genetic instrument (purple; estimated by indicated method) are shown for the four tested MR methods. Center values mark effect size point estimates, error bars the 95% confidence intervals. FD effect size estimates from uni-variate GWAS results on n=18,096 samples. HF samples sizes: n_cases = 47,309, n_controls = 930,014; DCM sample sizes: n_cases = 510, n_controls = 1,136.