Table 2. Selected studies linking GDM with offspring allergy.

Study	Design	Cohort	Sample size	GDM criteria	Offspring age (years)	Major outcomes for GDM-exposed offspring
Kumar et al. (2009) [26] USA	Cohort	Boston Birth Cohort	680	Medical record	Mean (SD): 3.2 (2.3)	In term births, GDM associated with atopic dermatitis (OR: 7.2, 95% CI: 1.5-34.5), allergen sensitization (5.7, 1.2-28.0), food sensitization (8.3, 1.6-43.3)
Martinez et al. (2020) [25] USA	Cohort	Kaiser Permanente Southern California hospitals (retrospective birth cohort)	97,554	Carpenter-Coustan	Median age: 7.6	GDM requiring antidiabetic medications associated with childhood asthma (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.25), adjusted for maternal asthma
Zugna et al. (2015) [27] Italy	Meta-analysis	11 European birth cohorts participating in the CHICOS (Developing a Child Cohort Research Strategy for Europe) project	85,509	Exposure: maternal diabetes	From birth to 1-2	Maternal diabetes (regardless of type) associated with ever wheezing (pooled RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.98–1.06) and recurrent wheezing (1.24, 0.86–1.79)

CI, confidence interval; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; SMD, standardised mean difference; RR, risk ratio