Table 3. Associations of maternal plasma carotenoids concentrations with scores of Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 at 54 months of age in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes study (n=332).
| Verbal | Non-verbal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI)a | P | R2 | β (95% CI) | P | R2 | |
| α-carotene | ||||||
| Model 1b | 0.14 (0.04, 0.25) | 0.007 | 2.2 | 0.10 (-0.0005, 0.21) | 0.05 | 1.2 |
| Model 2c | 0.02 (-0.09, 0.13) | 0.70 | 15.4 | 0.03 (-0.08, 0.14) | 0.60 | 6.2 |
| β-carotene | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.18 (0.07, 0.28) | 0.001 | 3.1 | 0.06 (-0.04, 0.17) | 0.24 | 0.4 |
| Model 2 | 0.05 (-0.06, 0.16) | 0.36 | 15.6 | -0.03 (-0.14, 0.09) | 0.66 | 6.1 |
| β-cryptoxanthin | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.13 (0.02, 0.24) | 0.02 | 1.6 | 0.09 (-0.02, 0.20) | 0.10 | 0.8 |
| Model 2 | 0.06 (-0.04, 0.16) | 0.25 | 15.7 | 0.04 (-0.06, 0.15) | 0.42 | 6.3 |
a
Effect estimates are per SD increment in log-transformed maternal plasma carotenoids concentrations, and per SD KBIT-2 score.
b
Model 1 was adjusted for child’s age at cognitive testing
c
Model 2 was adjusted as for Model 1 and maternal age, ethnicity, education, household income, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, diet quality, antenatal depressive symptoms and anxiety levels.