Figure 1. Comparing dACC and pgACC in humans and macaques.

(a) Every brain region has a distinctive “fingerprint” of connections. To compare brain areas in humans and macaques we first identify the fingerprint of the human area. This is estimated from its fMRI-derived resting state activity correlations with other brain areas (left). There is strong positive coupling with the area marked on the circumference when the green line is close to the circumference. The fingerprint can then be compared with fingerprints of every frontal area in the macaque. The best matching fingerprint from the other species is shown in red on the right. Comparison of fingerprints suggests (b) dACC and (c) pgACC similarities in humans and macaques¹. In each case task-related human brain activity is shown on the left. Activity in dACC activity from Behrens and colleagues¹² is shown in b. Panel c shows activity in pgACC covarying with participants’ general willingness to forage amongst alternative choices despite costs recorded by Kolling and colleagues³ (far left) and activity recorded by McGuire and Kable⁴⁸ (to its right) also in pgACC and adjacent dorsomedial prefrontal cortex that is related to moment-to-moment variation in the value of persisting in a choice through a time delay. The anatomical names used by the two sets of authors differed but the activations’ proximity highlight the fact that it is the same region that is active in both studies. In each case the center shows fingerprints for the same areas based on a set of 23 key brain regions for the human (green) and best matching macaque area (red). On the right heat maps show the strength of fingerprint correspondence for all voxels in the macaque frontal lobe (red indicates strong correspondence and arrows indicate peak correspondence). DACC and pgACC are associated with different patterns of resting state connectivity but in each case corresponding areas are found in the macaque.