Table 1.
Glycan histo-blood groups (BGs) and responsible genes with blood type distributions among populations.
| BG1 | Gene2 | Glycosyltransferase2 | Carrier | Antigens3 | RBC type | Frequencies of blood types in %4 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | China | US blacks | Reference | |||||||
| ABO | ABO | (Inactive) | (H) | O | 39 | (34) | 49 | [12], [18], [19] | ||
| Histo-blood group ABO system transferase (A transferase; alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; A3GALNT) | GSL, N-/O-glycoprotein, free glycan | A; A1; A2 | A | 42 | (29) | 27 | ||||
| Histo-blood group ABO system transferase (B transferase; alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase; A3GALT1) | B | B | 13 | (28) | 20 | |||||
| A transferase and B transferase | A; A1; A2; B | AB | 6 | (9) | 4 | |||||
| LE | FUT3 | (Inactive) | Le(a − b −) | 6 | 9 | 22 | [12], [20] | |||
| Galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase (Lewis FT; fucosyltransferase 3; CD174); Le-FUT | GSL, N −/O-glycoprotein, free glycan | Lea | Le(a + b −) | 22 | 0 | 23 | ||||
| Leb; (Lea) | Le(a − b +)5 | 72 | 71 | 55 | ||||||
| Lea; (Leb) | Le(a + b +) | 0 | 20 | 0 | ||||||
| Se6 | FUT2 | (Inactive) | (Not applicable)6 | (20) | [21], [22] | |||||
| Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 2 (Alpha(1,2)FT 2; secretor factor); Se-FUT | GSL, N-/O-glycoprotein, free glycan | Se (Type 1H) | (80) | |||||||
| H | FUT1 | (Inactive) | Bombay or para-Bombay | Rare | [12] | |||||
| Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 1 (fucosyltransferase 1); H-FUT | GSL, N-/O-glycoprotein | H | H | Almost 100% | [12] | |||||
| I | GCNT2 | (Inactive) | i | i | Rare (adults) | [23] | ||||
| N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase, isoform A (I-branching enzyme) | I; i | I | Almost 100% (adults) | |||||||
| P1PK | A4GALT | (Inactive) | PX2 | p | Rare | [12] | ||||
| Lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase (Gb3 synthase; P1/Pk synthase) | GSL | P1; Pk; (NOR)7 | P1 | 79 | 27 | 94 | ||||
| Pk; (NOR)7 | P2 | 21 | 73 | 6 | ||||||
| GLOB | B3GALNT1 | (Inactive) | Pk | Rare | [12], [24] | |||||
| UDP-GalNAc:beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (globoside synthase) | GSL | P | High incidence | |||||||
| FORS | GBGT1 | (Inactive) | Almost 100% | [12], [24] | ||||||
| Globoside-3-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase (Fs synthase)8 | GSL | FORS1 | Apae | Rare | ||||||
| Sid | B4GALNT29 | (Inactive) | Sda − | < 10% | [25] | |||||
| Beta-1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 | N-glycoprotein | Sda | Sda + | High incidence | [26] | |||||
| (No. 209) | ST3GAL29 | CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2 | GSL | LKE | LKE | Almost 100% | [12], [24] | |||
According to Ref. [3].
According to the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee at the European Bioinformatics Institute (genenames.org) in case of gene names and/or the recommendations in UniProtKB with a selection of alternative names in parentheses in case of glycosyltransferase names. Short names as used in this article are in bold.
Antigens on red blood cells (RBC), tissues, or in secretions markedly elevated or specific to a certain blood type as compared to the other phenotypes within a BG. List is not extensive, i.e., not including various combinations/extensions of the respective antigens.
Both genotypic and red blood cell phenotypic determinations were included here and genotyping data are shown in parentheses.
Le(a − b +) phenotype only in combination with active FUT2 gene.
Se-gene encoded FUT2 is not expressed in RBCs, and therefore does not represent a classic blood group, but provides type 1H antigens as precursors for BG antigens in secretions and tissues.
NOR antigens expressed if a rare variant of A4GALT gene is present.
Due to its novelty no UniProt entry exists for a human GBGT1-encoded Fs synthase. Nomenclature was used according to Ref. [27].
Genetic background not yet completely understood.