Table 5.

Experimental therapies for MS evaluated in clinical trials without prior investigation in the animal model (selected examples).

Therapy	Proposed mechanism of action	References
Monoclonal antibodies		Bielekova and Becker (2010), McLaughlin and Wucherpfennig (2008), Linker et al. (2008c)
- Rituximab,ocrelizumab, ofatumumab	Anti-CD20 inhibits B cells.	Hauser et al. (2008), Hawker et al. (2009)
- Daclizumab	Anti-CD25 inhibits lymphocyte activation and expands subpopulation of regulatory T cells.	Rose et al. (2007), Wynn et al. (2010)
- Alemtuzumab	Anti-CD52 depletes lymphocytes.	CAMMS 223 Trial Investigators (2008), Jones and Coles (2008)
Teriflunomide	Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase inhibitor disrupts the immunologic synapse.	O’Connor et al. (2006), Zeyda et al. (2005)
Temsirolimus	Antifungal antibiotic rapamycin acts immunosuppressive.	Carlson et al. (1993), Keever-Taylor et al. (2007)
Cladribine	2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine alters binding of transcription factors to the gene regulatory AT-rich sequences; accumulated cladribine nucleotides disrupt DNA synthesis and repair and suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.	Foley et al. (2004), Giovannoni et al. (2010), Hartung et al. (2010), Sipe et al. (1996)

The table is reproduced from Mix et al. (2008) with slight modification with permission of the publisher (Springer).