Figure 2.

Hub metabolites and signaling mechanisms that promote longevity. The aging metabolome can be viewed as two layers comprised of i) hub metabolites (NAD⁺, NADPH, αKG, and ketone bodies such as βHB) and ii) signaling mechanism involving regulation of aging‐related signaling, epigenetic, and stress responsive pathways. Large green arrows indicate the pro‐longevity effects of their supplementation, red T's indicate inhibitory effects on enzymes/pathways and green arrows indicate activation of enzymes/pathways.