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. 2015 Oct 30;182:57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.022

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Localization of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) antigens by immunofluorescence (IF) staining and apoptotic cells by a TUNEL assay in the LLC porcine kidney (LLC-PK) cells inoculated with the cell-adapted PDCoV strain OH-FD22 (virus passage number, 44), as supplemented with 10 μg/ml of trypsin in cell culture medium. (A) IF staining of the inoculated LLC-PK cells at PID 1, showing that the enlarged, rounded, and clustered cells are positive for PDCoV antigen (green staining). (B) Double TUNEL staining of Panel A, showing that the cytopathic effect (CPE)- and PDCoV antigen-positive cells are TUNEL-positive (intranuclear red staining). (C) Overlay of Panels A and B, confirming that CPE- and PDCoV antigen-positive cells show TUNEL-positive signals (red staining; arrows). (D) TUNEL staining of non-inoculated, trypsin (10 μg/ml) only-treated LLC-PK cells at PID 1, showing no TUNEL-positive cells. Original magnification, all ×600. TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)