Table 2. Frequency of parasites in maternal peripheral, placental, cord and neonatal peripheral blood in studies from around the world.
| Author | Year | Location | Immune status | Maternal peripheral | Placental | Cord blood | Neonatal peripheral* | Methodology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||||
| Fischer | 1997 | sub-Saharan survey | Semi-immune | 0.15 (0.04–0.30) | 0.07 (0.0-0.23) | BS | [45] | ||
| West Africa | |||||||||
| Jones | 1950 | Lagos, Nigeria | Nonimmune | 0.074 | 0.037 | BS | [12] | ||
| Bruce-Chwatt | 1952 | Lagos, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.274 | 0.223 | 0.002 | BS | [43] | |
| Ezeoke | 1985 | Calabar, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.084 | 0.262 | 0.168 | 0.075 | BS | [44] |
| Akindele | 1993 | Ibadan, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.237 | BS | [41] | |||
| Ibhanesebhor | 1995 | Benin City, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.059 | BS | [49] | |||
| Mukhtar | 2005 | Lagos, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.190 | 0.150 | 0.144 | 0.134 | BS | [54] |
| Obiajunwa | 2005 | Ile-Ife, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.567 | 0.542 | 0.467 | BS | [56] | |
| Runsewe-Abiodun | 2006 | Sagamu, Nigeria | Semi-immune | 0.174 | BS | [58] | |||
| Reinhardt | 1978 | Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Semi-immune | 0.394 | 0.333 | 0.217 | BS | [57] | |
| McGregor | 1984 | Banjul & rural villages, The Gambia | Semi-immune | 0.317 | 0.202 | 0 (n = 147)‡ | BS | [60] | |
| Garin | 1985 | Franceville, Gabon | Semi-immune | 0.364 | 0.330 | 0 (n = 1128) | BS | [46] | |
| Kassberger | 2002 | Lambarene, Gabon | Semi-immune | 0.459‡ | PCR | [51] | |||
| Central Africa | |||||||||
| Larkin | 1991 | Southern Province, Zambia | Semi-immune | 0.630 | 0.290 | BS | [31] | ||
| Nyirjesy | 1993 | Nyakunde, Zaire | Semi-immune | 0.210 | 0.330 | 0.090 | 0.070 | BS | [55] |
| Redd | 1996 | Mangochi district, Malawi | Semi-immune | 0.150 | 0.187 | 0.067 | BS | [32] | |
| Kamwendo | 2002 | Blantyre, Malawi | Semi-immune | 0.198 (0.058) | PCR (BS) | [50] | |||
| East Africa | |||||||||
| Garnham | 1938 | Kisumu, Kenya | Semi-immune | 0 (n = 400) | BS | [48] | |||
| Garnham | 1949 | Kisumu, Kenya | Semi-immune | 0 (n = 146)‡ | BS | [47] | |||
| Bergstrom | 1993 | Maputo, Mozambique | Semi-immune | 0.163 | 0.124 | 0.015 | BS | [42] | |
| Adachi | 2000 | Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | Semi-immune | 0.003 | PCR | [40] | |||
| Tobian | 2000 | Coast Province, Kenya | Semi-immune | 0.480 | 0.320 | PCR | [59] | ||
| Malhotra | 2006 | Kwale District, Kenya | Semi-immune | 0.364 | 0.159 | 0.106 | PCR | [38] | |
| Asia | |||||||||
| Marshall | 1983 | Maliata province, Solomon Islands | Semi-immune | 0.061 | 0.055 | 0.028 | 0.006 | BS | [52] |
| McGready | 2004 | Northwest border, Thailand | Nonimmune | 0.095 | 0.065 | 0.011 | BS | [53] | |
| USA | |||||||||
| Thibault | 1915 | Arkansas, United States | Nonimmune | 0.016‡ | BS | [61] |
*Includes neonates tested within the first 7 days of life.
‡Includes only neonates born to infected women.
BS: Giemsa-stained blood smear.