Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| Authors | Study design | Participant characteristics | Sample size | Appraisal score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LTSS provider perspectives | ||||
| Ahrendt et al. (2017) | Cross-sectional | -Population: Residential care staff members at two facilities; one Christian affiliated and one not-Age: Facility 1 (mean = 42.6); Facility 2 (mean = 45.3)-Race/ethnicity: 82.4% White, 9.2% Black, 0.7% Hispanic, 7.8% missing-Sexual orientation: 65.4% heterosexual, 1.3% homosexual, 31.4% missing | 153 (70 from Facility 1 and 83 from Facility 2) | 36/40 (90%) |
| Bell et al. (2010) | Cross-sectional | -Population: Nursing home social service directors-Age: Not reported-Race/ethnicity: Not reported | 1,071 | 30/40 (75%) |
| Dickey (2012) | Cross-sectional | -Population: Certified nursing assistants working in long-term care-Age: 18–68 years (mean = 40)-Race/ethnicity: Not reported | 116 | 35/40 (88%) |
| Donaldson and Vacha-Haase (2016) | Qualitative focus groups | -Population: Interdisciplinary staff from three LTSS facilities-Age: 22–72 years-Race/ethnicity: 63.6% White, 18.2% Hispanic, 4.5% Black, 4.5% Asian,-Sexual orientation: 95.5% heterosexual, 4.5% lesbian-Religious affiliation: 50% Christian | 22 | 38/40 (95%) |
| Fairchild et al. (1996) | Qualitative interviews | -Population: Social workers working in LTSS facilities-Age: Not reported-Race/ethnicity: Not reported | 29 | 28/40 (70%) |
| Hinrichs and Vacha-Haase (2010) | Cross-sectional | -Population: LTSS staff including certified nursing assistants (40%) and licensed practical nurses (9.6%)-Age: 18–61 years-Race/ethnicity: 78% White, 11% Hispanic, 11% other race | 218 | 29/40 (73%) |
| Smith et al. (2018) | Cross-sectional | -Population: Mental health providers in LTSS settings including psychologists (63%), social workers (16%), psychiatrists (14%), and nurses (5%)-Age: Mean = 52 years old-Race/ethnicity: Not reported | 57 | 35/40 (88%) |
| LGBT individuals’ perspectives | ||||
| Butler (2017) | Qualitative-interviews | -Population: Lesbians who had received home care services in the past 10 years, six informal caregivers, and five home care workers-Age: 65 and older (mean = 71.9)-Race/ethnicity: 100% White-Have children: 35% of lesbians-Religious affiliation: various reported | -20 older lesbians-6 informal caregivers of lesbians-5 home care workers | 36/40 (90%) |
| Butler (2018) | Qualitative- interviews | -Population: Lesbians who had received home care services in the past 10 years and six informal caregivers.-Age: 65 and older (mean = 71.9)-Race/ethnicity: 100% White-Have children: 35% of lesbians | -20 older lesbians-6 informal caregivers of lesbians | 36/40 (90%) |
| Clark et al. (2010) | Cross-sectional | -Population: Unmarried heterosexual and sexual minority women-Age: 41–78 years (mean = 55)-Race/ethnicity: 87.8% White-Have children: 34.7% of sexual minority women vs. 65.4% of heterosexual women. | 215 | 36/40 (90%) |
| Gabrielson (2011) | Qualitative interviews | -Population: Lesbians-Age: over the age of 55-Race/ethnicity: 90% White, 10% Black | 10 | 34/40 (85%) |
| Hash and Netting (2007) | Qualitative- interviews | -Population: Gay men and lesbians who were currently or had previously cared for chronically ill same-sex partners-Age: 50 and older-Race/ethnicity: 89.5% White, 5.2% Black, 5.2% Hispanic | 19 | 30/40 (75%) |
| Jackson et al. (2012) | Cross-sectional | -Population: LGBT and heterosexual individuals-Age: 15–90 years-Race/ethnicity: 87% LGBT were White vs. 90% of heterosexual participants | 319 | 25/40 (63%) |
| Jihanian et al. (2013) | Qualitative focus groups | -Population: LGBT individuals-Age: 61–79 years-Race/ethnicity: 100% White | 7 | 30/40 (75%) |
| Johnson et al. (2005) | Cross-sectional | -Population: LGBT individuals-Age: 15–72 years (mean = 42)-Race/ethnicity: 87% White, 6% Hispanic, 5% other race, 2% Asian | 127 | 31/40 (78%) |
| Lowers (2017) | Qualitative- interviews and focus groups | -Population: LGBT individuals-Age: 25–70 years-Race/ethnicity: Not collected-Sexual orientation: 50% gay, 20% lesbian, 20% queer, 7% bisexual-Gender identity: 17% transgender | 30 | 34/40 (85%) |
| Putney et al. (2018) | Qualitative-focus groups | -Population: LGBT adults-Age: 55–87 years (mean = 67)-Race/ethnicity: 78.0% White, 14.0% Black, 8.0% other race | 50 | 38/40 (95%) |
| Smith et al. (2010) | Cross-sectional | -Population: LGBT individuals-Age: 60–85 years-Race/ethnicity: 78.7% White, 18.4% Hispanic, 5.3% Black, 2.6% other race | 38 | 38/40 (95%) |
| Stein et al. (2010) | Qualitative focus groups | -Population: Lesbian and gay individuals-Age: 65–75 years-Race/ethnicity: 87.5% White, 12.5% Black | 16 | 37/40 (93%) |
Note: LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender; LTSS = long-term services and supports.