Table 1.

Example of Preferences Serving as Operationalizations of Needs, Goals, and Values

Preference question	Need*	Goal	Value†
How important is it to you to choose your own bedtime?	Autonomy	To make one’s own decisions about how much sleep is deemed personally necessary for optimal functioning.	Control
How important is it to do things with groups of people?	Relatedness	To socialize, network, or connect with other people.	Relationships
How important is it to you to have reading materials available to you?	Competence	To stay informed of what is going on outside in the world.	Self-identity

Notes: *Exemplar needs outlined here are drawn from Deci and Ryan’s (2000) Self-determination Theory.

^†Exemplar values outlined here are drawn from McCullough, Wilson, Teasdale, Kolpakchi, & Skelly (1993) and Reamy, Kim, Zarit, & Whitlatch (2011).