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. 2020 Apr 2;15(4):e0231141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231141

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© 2020 Bandara et al

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 6 — (A) Heat map showing the estimated cumulative economic losses (USD per hectare) from 1996 to 2016 associated with 23 diseases for each state. ANT = Anthracnose, BAC = bacterial blight, BSR = Brown stem rot, CHAR = charcoal rot, CLBPSS = Cercospora leaf blight (purple seed stain), DIAPHOM = Diaporthe-Phomopsis, DM = downy mildew, FLS = Frogeye leaf spot, FW = Fusarium wilt, OTHER = other diseases, PODSTEM = pod and stem blight, PRR = Phytophthora root and stem rot, RAB = Rhizoctonia aerial blight, RKNOT = root-knot and other nematodes, SB = southern blight, SC = stem canker, SCN = soybean cyst nematodes, SDS = sudden death syndrome, SEED = seedling diseases, SEP = Septoria brown spot, SR = soybean rust, SSR = Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold), VIRUS = virus diseases. (B) Fluctuation of the cumulative economic losses (USD per hectare) of 6 disease categories from 1996 to 2016 across 28 states. Bacterial = Bacterial blight; Foliar = Anthracnose, Cercospora leaf blight (purple seed stain), Diaporthe-Phomopsis, Downy mildew, Frogeye leaf spot, Pod and stem blight, Rhizoctonia aerial blight, Septoria leaf spot, and Soybean rust; Nematodes = Heterodera glycine (soybean cyst nematode), Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes), Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode), Belonolaimus longicaudatus (sting nematode), Helicotylenchus spp. (spiral nematodes), Hoplolaimus spp. (lance nematodes), Paratrichodorus spp. (stubby root nematodes), and Pratylenchus spp. (lesion nematodes); Stem/Root = Brown stem rot, Charcoal rot, Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora root and stem rot, Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold), Seedling diseases (caused by a complex of organisms such as multiple species of Fusarium, Pythium, Phomopsis, and/or Rhizoctonia solani), Southern blight, Stem canker, and Sudden death syndrome; Virus = Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean pod mottle virus, Bean yellow mosaic virus, Peanut mottle virus, Soybean dwarf virus, Soybean mosaic virus, Soybean vein necrosis virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Tobacco streak virus, and Tomato spotted wilt virus; Other diseases = black root rot, Cercospora leaf blight, Cylindrocladium parasticum (red crown rot), green stem syndrome, Neocosmospora root rot, Pythium root rot, target spot, and Texas root rot.