Table 1:

Studies of the gut microbiome in undernourished children in Africa from 2015 to 2019

Location of study and reference	Disease or condition	Age of participants	Number and/or nutritional status of participants	Study design	Study outcomes
Uganda Atukunda et al. 2019	Undernutrition	20–24 months	n=77 intervention; n=78 control	Follow-up of open cluster-randomized intervention trial	Cognitive development, growth, gut microbiota
Kenya Paganini et al. 2019	Diarrhea and Iron deficiency anaemia	8–10 months	n=28: 4 groups (with and without iron and antibiotics)	Sub-study of a double-blind randomized controlled intervention trial	Gut microbiome, enteropathogens, gut inflammation, fecal pH, morbidity
Kenya Tang et al. 2017	Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia	6 months	n=45: 3 groups (with and without iron and placebo)	Double-blind individually-randomized controlled trial	Gut microbiome, gut inflammation, Zinc absorption
Gambia Davis et al. 2017	Undernutrition	1–5 months	33 mother/infant pairs at 4, 16, and 20 weeks postpartum	Sub-study of a randomized trial	Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), infant gut microbiota, gut inflammation, growth, morbidity
Malawi Ordiz et al. 2017	Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED)	12–23 months	n=81; 47 boys and 34 girls	Legume intervention trial	Gut microbiota, gut absorption, morbidity
Niger & Senegal Million et al. 2016	SAM	<60 months	n=86; not in feeding programs; prior to supplements	2 prospective case-control studies	Gut microbiota, Aerotolerant odds ratio, gut redox potential, Methanobrevibacter smithii
Malawi Charbonneau et al. 2016	Undernutrition	6 months	n=29 healthy; n=59 severe stunting	Sub-study of 2 randomized controlled single-blind parallel group trials Germ-free mouse and piglet studies	HMO composition, infant gut microbiota, growth
Uganda Kristensen et al. 2016	SAM	6–24 months	n=87: all hospitalized with SAM	Sub-study of an observational study	Gut microbiota, nutritional outcomes
Malawi Reyes et al. 2015	SAM	0–30 months	8 monozygotic healthy twin pairs; 12 dizygotic twin pairs (6 twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor; and the other 6 discordant for marasmus)	Longitudinal studies, follow-up of the Malawian discordant twin trial Germ-free mouse study	Gut microbiota DNA viromes, nutritional outcomes
Malawi Dewey et al. 2015	Diet-dependent enteropathy in SAM	21 months	One monozygotic twin pair discordant for kwashiorkor	Longitudinal studies, follow-up of the Malawian discordant twin trial Germ-free mouse study	IgA+ bacterial taxa of the fecal microbiota, Weight loss, sepsis
Kenya Jaeggi et al. 2015	Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia	6 months	n=115, consuming home-fortified maize porridge with or without iron	2 double-blind randomized controlled trials	Gut microbiome, gut inflammation, morbidity