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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 2.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2019 Feb 23;60:99–103. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.002

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

A) An overview of the cell’s immune response to AAV infection. 1. Receptors on the AAV surface bind to the cell, and the virus is endocytosed. 2. An innate immune response is triggered by either a) viral proteins inside the AAV-containing vesicle activating Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2/9 or b) MDA5 sensors that recognize cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA. 3. An adaptive immune response is triggered when cytotoxic T Lymphocytes recognize viral peptides that have been cleaved and presented via MHC 1. B) One of the main hurdles of AAV infection is antibody neutralization and as such a number of strategies have been developed to prevent antibody binding.