Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of deliveries in New York City between 2010-2014 by race/ethnicity and medical insurance.
| Black | Latina | White | Commercial | Medicaid | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n= 122067 | N=177768 | n= 185095 | P- value* |
N=221479 | N=358897 | P- value** |
||||||
| % | N | % | N | N | % | N | % | N | ||||
| Maternal Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| <20 | 7.1 | 8704 | 9.1 | 16206 | 1.2 | 2304 | 0.9 | 1969 | 7.3 | 26118 | ||
| 20-29 | 47.9 | 58406 | 51.8 | 92117 | 34.4 | 63748 | 24.1 | 53314 | 55.9 | 200710 | ||
| 30-34 | 24.6 | 30003 | 23.0 | 40964 | 34.6 | 64034 | 39.9 | 88278 | 21.9 | 78745 | ||
| 35-39 | 15.3 | 18637 | 12.6 | 22390 | 22.7 | 42021 | 27 | 59875 | 11.5 | 41346 | ||
| 40-44 | 4.73 | 5774 | 3.2 | 5741 | 6.4 | 11832 | 7.44 | 16477 | 3.11 | 11174 | ||
| 45+ | 0.4 | 543 | 0.2 | 350 | 0.6 | 1156 | 0.71 | 1577 | 0.2 | 804 | ||
| Ancestry | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| US Born | 57.7 | 70468 | 45.6 | 81028 | 72.5 | 134205 | 67.3 | 149083 | 43.4 | 155905 | ||
| Foreign Born | 42.3 | 51599 | 54.4 | 96740 | 27.5 | 50890 | 31.6 | 69959 | 55.4 | 198647 | ||
| Insurance | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Medicaid | 72.2 | 88071 | 79.7 | 141719 | 35.0 | 64762 | ||||||
| Private | 25.1 | 30687 | 18.9 | 33557 | 63.6 | 117750 | ||||||
| Other | 0.8 | 990 | 0.5 | 823 | 0.7 | 1249 | ||||||
| Uninsured | 1.9 | 2319 | 0.9 | 1669 | 0.7 | 1334 | ||||||
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3.5 | 4287 | 3.1 | 5462 | 3.5 | 11001 | 5.4 | 11937 | 5.5 | 19685 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5-24.9) | 37.7 | 45967 | 44.8 | 79671 | 37.7 | 45967 | 61.8 | 136825 | 47.8 | 171485 | ||
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 29.2 | 35609 | 29.6 | 52642 | 18.4 | 33956 | 19.5 | 43125 | 25.7 | 92393 | ||
| Obese (30.0-39.9) | 23.9 | 29133 | 18.8 | 33387 | 8.3 | 15359 | 10.5 | 23166 | 16.2 | 58207 | ||
| Morbid Obesity (≥40) | 4.7 | 5752 | 2.6 | 4626 | 1.0 | 1891 | 1.5 | 3234 | 2.5 | 9073 | ||
| Missing BMI | 1.1 | 1319 | 1.1 | 1980 | 0.4 | 796 | 1.4 | 3194 | 2.2 | 8054 | ||
| Smoked during pregnancy | 3.7 | 4456 | 2.5 | 4511 | 2.3 | 4286 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 3909 | 2.8 | 10047 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 1.2 | 1463 | 0.9 | 1505 | 0.9 | 1635 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 2037 | 0.9 | 3348 | <0.001 |
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Less than HS | 20.3 | 24727 | 36.7 | 65221 | 7.9 | 14553 | 2.6 | 5658 | 33.1 | 118866 | ||
| HS | 26.9 | 32831 | 24.1 | 42759 | 18.8 | 34881 | 8.3 | 18331 | 30.3 | 108581 | ||
| Greater than HS | 52.3 | 63822 | 39.0 | 69356 | 73.1 | 135216 | 87.9 | 194771 | 35 | 125524 | ||
| Missing or unknown | 0.6 | 687 | 0.2 | 432 | 0.2 | 445 | 1.1 | 2438 | 1.2 | 4345 | ||
| Prenatal visits | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 0-5 | 11.9 | 14549 | 7.3 | 12993 | 3.4 | 6256 | 2.5 | 5464 | 8.8 | 31474 | ||
| 6-8 | 15.8 | 19310 | 12.7 | 22652 | 9.9 | 18231 | 9.4 | 20722 | 13.6 | 48891 | ||
| ≥9 | 70.3 | 85866 | 78.5 | 139568 | 86.1 | 159296 | 86.2 | 190927 | 75 | 269300 | ||
| Unknown | 1.9 | 2342 | 1.3 | 2555 | 0.7 | 1312 | 2 | 4367 | 2.6 | 9232 | ||
| Parity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Nulliparous | 43.6 | 53257 | 41.1 | 73092 | 47.1 | 87272 | 53.1 | 117567 | 39.4 | 141411 | ||
| Multiparous | 56.2 | 68574 | 58.7 | 104411 | 52.7 | 97579 | 45.7 | 101162 | 59.3 | 212630 | ||
| Missing | 0.2 | 236 | 0.2 | 265 | 0.1 | 244 | 1.2 | 2751 | 1.4 | 4856 | ||
| Type of Pregnancy | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Singleton | 98.1 | 119730 | 98.7 | 175436 | 97.3 | 180146 | 97.1 | 215118 | 98.7 | 354137 | ||
| Multiple | 1.9 | 2337 | 1.3 | 2332 | 2.7 | 4949 | 2.9 | 6362 | 1.3 | 4760 | ||
| C-Section Delivery | 37.4 | 45600 | 32.7 | 58128 | 28.1 | 52036 | <0.001 | 36.4% | 80651 | 30.9% | 110977 | |
| Previous Cesarean | 17.0 | 20748 | 17.7 | 31431 | 13.8 | 25568 | <0.001 | 15.2 | 33595 | 16.4 | 59004 | |
| Primary Cesarean | 23.3 | 28397 | 18.0 | 32027 | 17.8 | 32936 | <0.001 | 23.0% | 51011 | 17.0% | 60833 | |
| Vaginal Delivery | 62.7 | 76467 | 67.3 | 119640 | 71.9 | 133059 | <0.001 | 63.6% | 140829 | 69.1% | 247920 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Cardiac Disease | 1.5 | 1795 | 0.3 | 541 | 0.6 | 1132 | <0.001 | 0.6% | 1431 | 0.3% | 1011 | <0.001 |
| Renal Disease | 0.4 | 541 | 0.1 | 137 | 0.04 | 81 | <0.001 | 0.1% | 126 | 0.1% | 255 | 0.04 |
| Musculoskeletal Disease | 0.3 | 401 | 0.3 | 567 | 0.3 | 564 | 0.50 | 0.4% | 955 | 0.2% | 828 | <0.001 |
| Digestive Disorder | 0.02 | 30 | 0.03 | 50 | 0.2 | 455 | <0.001 | 0.2% | 370 | 0.0% | 172 | <0.001 |
| Blood Disease | 18.8 | 22935 | 15.6 | 27744 | 10.2 | 18885 | <0.001 | 11.5% | 25538 | 14.9% | 53490 | <0.001 |
| Mental Disorders | 4.0 | 4940 | 3.5 | 6183 | 3.1 | 5714 | <0.001 | 2.6% | 5728 | 3.3% | 11961 | <0.001 |
| CNS disease | 1.2 | 1501 | 1.2 | 2222 | 1.2 | 2250 | 0.64 | 1.4% | 3017 | 0.9% | 3343 | <0.001 |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | 0.1 | 103 | 0.1 | 96 | 0.03 | 60 | <0.001 | 0.0% | 86 | 0.1% | 210 | 0.001 |
| Disorder Placentation | 2.2 | 2641 | 1.5 | 2731 | 1.5 | 2703 | <0.001 | 1.8% | 3897 | 1.7% | 6020 | 0.02 |
| Chronic Hypertension | 3.0 | 3650 | 1.2 | 2207 | 0.7 | 1339 | <0.001 | 1.3% | 2868 | 1.4% | 5126 | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy Hypertension | 8.7 | 10599 | 6.0 | 10605 | 3.2 | 5836 | <0.001 | 4.5% | 9955 | 5.6% | 19978 | <0.001 |
| Lupus | 0.2 | 257 | 0.2 | 344 | 0.1 | 213 | <0.001 | 0.2% | 446 | 0.1% | 493 | <0.001 |
| Collagen Vascular Disorder | 0.04 | 47 | 0.03 | 50 | 0.1 | 124 | <0.001 | 0.1% | 200 | 0.0% | 79 | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 0.1 | 113 | 0.1 | 189 | 0.1 | 223 | 0.07 | 0.1% | 326 | 0.1% | 276 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.2 | 1431 | 0.9 | 1563 | 0.4 | 714 | <0.001 | 0.6% | 1231 | 0.9% | 3148 | <0.001 |
| Gestational diabetes | 1.3 | 1585 | 1.0 | 1709 | 0.4 | 793 | <0.001 | 0.6% | 1407 | 1.0% | 3476 | <0.001 |
| Asthma/Chronic bronchitis | 4.3 | 7703 | 5.4 | 9562 | 4.4 | 8061 | <0.001 | 4.80% | 10639 | 5.1% | 18137 | <0.001 |
*
Asian, and other race populations not shown; N= 106,525 (18.0%)
**
Other insurances and uninsured not shown; N=11,077 (1.9%)