FIG 4.

Productivity in steady-state chemostats of evolved strains and consortia relative to their common ancestor and to E. coli K-12 (K). (A) Yield expressed as cells ml⁻¹; (B) yield expressed as dry-weight biomass in μg ml⁻¹. Significant differences were identified using one-way ANOVA and are indicated by lowercase letters. Nonidentical lowercase letters indicate significance at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD). The boundaries of the box and the whiskers correspond to the 25th and 75th percentiles and the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. Median lines were shown in boxes. All productivity estimates were generated from four to six independent biological replicates.