Table 12.
Estimated coefficients from the mixed model of BX efficiency on picture naming accuracy
| Fixed effects | Estimate | SE | z-values | p | Lower | Upper |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 4.62 | 0.26 | 17.90 | < 0.001 | 4.12 | 5.13 |
| Frequency | 1.40 | 0.18 | 7.75 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.76 |
| Language | −2.91 | 0.47 | −6.22 | < 0.001 | −3.83 | −2.00 |
| Varied | −0.52 | 0.26 | −1.99 | 0.046 | −1.02 | −0.01 |
| Integrated | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.549 | −0.41 | 0.77 |
| BX efficiency | 0.26 | 0.11 | 2.47 | 0.014 | 0.05 | 0.47 |
| Varied*Language | 2.64 | 0.47 | 5.66 | < 0.001 | 1.73 | 3.56 |
| Integrated*Language | 1.79 | 0.51 | 3.53 | < 0.001 | 0.79 | 2.78 |
| Language*BX efficiency | −0.01 | 0.23 | −0.06 | 0.954 | −0.47 | 0.44 |
| Varied*BX efficiency | −0.31 | 0.17 | −1.93 | 0.054 | −0.64 | 0.01 |
| Integrated*BX efficiency | −0.41 | 0.17 | −2.34 | 0.019 | −0.75 | −0.07 |
| Varied*Language*BX efficiency | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.346 | −0.39 | 1.12 |
| Integrated*Language*BX efficiency | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.617 | −0.56 | 0.94 |
| Random effects | Variance | SD | Correlation | |||
| Intercept | item | 2.0838 | 1.44 | ||||
| Varied | item | 0.6401 | 0.80 | −0.14 | |||
| Integrated | item | 1.2355 | 1.11 | −0.08 | 0.84 | ||
| Intercept | participant | 0.2289 | 0.48 | ||||
| Language | participant | 1.2961 | 1.14 | 0.00 | |||
Notes. The separated-context bilingual group was set as the reference level. Intercept represents mean naming accuracy (in log odds) for separated-context bilinguals with an average frequency effect and an average BX efficiency score.