Table 5.

Estimated coefficients from the mixed model on picture naming accuracy

Fixed effects	Estimate	SE	z-values	p	Lower	Upper
(Intercept)	4.64	0.24	18.75	< 0.001	4.15	5.12
Frequency	1.36	0.18	7.70	< 0.001	1.01	1.71
Integrated	0.19	0.30	0.64	0.522	−0.40	0.78
Varied	−0.55	0.26	−2.15	0.016	−1.05	−0.05
Language	−2.99	0.45	−6.66	< 0.001	−3.87	−2.11
Integrated*Language	1.90	0.50	3.83	< 0.001	0.93	2.87
Varied*Language	2.69	0.46	5.86	< 0.001	1.79	3.59
Random effects	Variance	SD	Correlation
Intercept | item	1.9352	1.39
Integrated | item	1.3005	1.14	−0.06
Varied | item	0.7231	0.85	−0.15	0.83
Intercept | participant	0.2643	0.51
Frequency | participant	0.0046	0.07	−0.15
Language | participant	1.4533	1.21	−0.09	−0.97

Notes. Lower/Upper = lower and upper bounds for 95% confidence intervals of coefficient estimate; SE = standard error of coefficient estimate. The separated-context bilingual group was set as the reference level. Language was contrast coded (−0.5 = Spanish; 0.5 = English), making the coefficient interpretations as follows: Intercept = mean naming accuracy (in log odds) for separated-context bilinguals with an average frequency effect. Frequency = effect of frequency (centered at the sample mean) on accuracy for separated-context bilinguals. Integrated = mean accuracy difference between separated-and integrated-context bilinguals. Varied = mean accuracy difference between separated-and varied-context bilinguals. Bold indicates coefficients that are significantly different from zero.