Table 2.

Weight and biochemical measurement including glucose homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and adiponectin levels in treatment groups of mice fed a normal chow diet after 13 weeks

Variable	Control (water)	Carbonated soda (Coca-Cola)	Sweetened milk coffee (Maxwell)	Chocolate-added cocoa (Choco-Latte)
Weight (g)	23.3 ± 3.6	25.6 ± 3.6*	27.0 ± 3.2*,†	28.2 ± 3.6*,†
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 0.8	5.1 ± 1.1*	5.3 ± 1.2*	6.1 ± 1.3*
Fasting insulin (µIU//L)	9.1 ± 1.2	11.3 ± 1.3	11.5 ± 1.3*	12.1 ± 1.4*
HOMA-IR§	1.98 ± 0.21	2.56 ± 0.36*	2.70 ± 0.45*	3.28 ± 0.51*
HOMA-β	131.4 ± 23.1	140.6 ± 28.3	129.7 ± 34.1	92.9 ± 23.1*
AST (U/L)	47.6 ± 8.8	57.2 ± 6.9*	61.5 ± 9.0*	63.1 ± 7.7*
ALT (U/L)	34.6 ± 7.7	44.4 ± 10.3*	57.0 ± 7.2*,†	55.0 ± 9.1*,†
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.5*	1.6 ± 0.6*,†	1.7 ± 0.7*
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.1 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.5
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.6 ± 0.6	5.7 ± 0.7	5.8 ± 0.7	5.9 ± 0.8
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.22 ± 0.25	0.56 ± 0.26*	0.44 ± 0.14*	0.68 ± 0.28*
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	9.3 ± 2.4	7.6 ± 2.1*	7.3 ± 2.6*	6.7 ± 2.1*
TNF-α (pg/mL)	8.1 ± 3.5	12.2 ± 6.0	10.3 ± 3.0*	11.7 ± 4.4*
IL-6 (pg/mL)	4.8 ± 1.1	5.8 ± 1.9	5.2 ± 1.2	5.0 ± 1.8
MCP-1 (ng/mL)	3.5 ± 1.7	4.8 ± 1.4*	4.7 ± 2.1*	5.6 ± 1.5*

Values are presented as mean± standard deviation. Post-hoc analysis by least significant difference t-tests for mean differences between two groups.

^*vs. control; †vs. carbonated soda; P<0.05 in all cases; §HOMA-IR= (μIU/L× mmol/L).

HOMA-IR, homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis assessment of β-cell function; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.