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. 2020 Feb 6;39(14):2905–2920. doi: 10.1038/s41388-020-1191-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The PC-3 prostate cancer and NCM460 normal colon epithelial cells, with or without 1 h of preincubation in 10 mM NAC, were treated by 10 μM ATL or vehicle control for the indicated times. a, b Measurement of ROS in PC-3 cells by flow cytometry. Data from three independent experiments were presented as mean ± SD. c, d Measurement of ROS in NCM460 cells by flow cytometry. e, f Immunofluorescent staining of cellular 8-oxoG by Cy3-conjugated avidin. PC-3 cells were treated by 10 μM ATL for 12 h (scale bar: 10 μm). Nuclear 8-oxoG intensity was measured using the ImageJ software and the data were processed by the Prism software. g Representative images of alkaline comet assay. PC-3 cells were treated by vehicle control or 10 μM ATL for 12 h. h The tail moment was defined as percentage of tail DNA × tail length, quantified using the TriTek CometScore software. i Immunofluorescence staining for PAR foci in PC-3 cells treated by 10 μM ATL for 12 h. DNA was counterstained with DAPI (scale bar: 5 μm). j Western blot analysis of PAR in PC-3 cells. Ten micrometer ATL resulted in a time-dependent increase in PAR levels which was blocked by NAC. n.s. not significant, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. vehicle control.