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. 2020 Jan 15;27(10):10553–10564. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07691-x

Table 3.

Non-stationary results

Level form LNGDP LNFDI LNIND LNCOAL LNTNR
  τT (ADF) − 1.384 − 3.906** −1.551 − 1.039 − 2.834
  τμ (ADF) 0.874 − 3.575** − 0.344 − 3.165** − 2.955**
  τ (ADF) 0.599 3.303*** 2.968 2.871 − 0.253
  τT (PP) − 1.073 − 3.781** − 1.763 − 0.943 − 2.774
  τμ (PP) 0.605 − 3.475** − 0.394 − 3.321** − 2.927**
  τ (PP) 0.855 − 3.100*** 2.796 2.551 − 0.098
First difference LNGDP LNFDI LNFDI LNURB LNCOAL
  τT (ADF) − 4.355*** − 4.524*** − 5.837*** − 6.867*** − 0.8.139***
  τμ (ADF) − 4.265*** − 8.182*** − 5.899*** − 5.934*** − 8.121***
  τ (ADF) − 4.253*** − 8.305*** − 5.156*** − 5.185*** − 8.185***
  τT (PP) − 4.301*** − 8.458*** − 5.839*** − 6.903*** − 8.139***
  τμ (PP) − 4.258*** − 8.606*** − 5.902*** − 5.934*** − 8.143***
  τ (PP) − 4.243*** − 8.706*** − 5.215*** − 5.205*** − 8.208***

***Significance at 0.01

**Significance at 0.05