Table 2. Factorial structures of the items in exploratory factor analysis and item response theory analysis.

Item No.	Exploratory factor analysis (Survey 1, N=964)								IRT analysis (Survey 1, N=964)
	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5	Factor 6	Factor 7	Factor 8	Discrimination (a)	Difficulty (b, threshold)						SE for theta (θ)	Final version
	Role-oriented future prospects	Autonomy	Role-oriented positive perception	Personal growth and development	Negative schema	Occupational self−esteem	Reationship	Meaningful work		b1	b2	b3	b4	b5	b6
14	0.550	0.075	0.103	0.019	−0.036	0.103	0.158	−0.038	0.949	−0.768	−1.426	−1.133	1.227	1.933	2.018	0.341
87	0.417	0.109	0.166	0.112	0.110	0.069	−0.010	0.157	1.652	−2.450	−2.364	−1.950	0.963	2.292	3.850		✔
48	0.395	0.138	0.201	0.150	0.057	0.123	−0.018	−0.033	1.427	−1.947	−2.449	−1.737	1.040	2.040	2.867		✔
88	0.366	0.126	0.120	0.004	0.042	0.253	0.025	0.087	1.242	−1.763	−2.063	−1.479	1.008	2.324	2.909
15	0.339	0.041	0.237	0.084	0.088	0.054	0.186	0.046	1.393	−1.923	−2.121	−1.836	0.955	2.066	2.625		✔
3	0.318	0.190	0.152	−0.109	0.037	0.129	0.159	−0.041	0.753	−1.367	−1.085	−1.218	0.972	1.524	1.677
45	0.306	0.273	0.102	0.165	0.044	0.073	−0.028	0.134	1.244	−1.666	−2.479	−1.857	0.754	1.745	2.563
16	0.059	0.764	−0.084	0.064	−0.067	0.111	0.026	−0.032	1.927	−3.028	−3.122	−2.082	0.785	2.222	3.365	0.424	✔
20	−0.017	0.695	0.019	−0.091	0.208	−0.130	0.079	0.012	0.930	−1.340	−1.780	−1.494	0.806	1.412	1.587		✔
22	−0.060	0.466	0.034	0.177	−0.061	0.059	0.011	0.017	0.721	−1.524	−1.877	−2.042	0.663	1.402	1.568
19	0.130	0.428	−0.040	0.139	−0.031	0.295	−0.112	0.030	1.019	−1.289	−2.242	−1.885	0.870	1.833	2.150		✔
86	0.249	0.256	0.196	0.175	0.089	0.078	−0.055	0.151	0.822	−0.676	−2.445	−1.474	0.596	1.490	1.716
61	0.019	0.019	0.658	−0.029	0.050	0.029	0.104	0.042	1.212	−2.066	−1.764	−1.970	0.813	1.768	2.367	0.206
66	0.057	−0.023	0.653	0.116	0.083	0.036	−0.007	0.110	1.991	−2.757	−2.727	−2.179	0.272	1.933	3.267		✔
7	0.075	0.076	0.574	0.131	0.077	0.159	0.022	−0.080	1.853	−2.704	−2.741	−2.095	0.537	2.551	3.080		✔
59	0.093	−0.025	0.519	0.200	0.041	0.103	0.082	0.007	1.623	−1.869	−2.755	−1.959	0.394	1.986	2.906
29	0.085	0.082	0.488	−0.086	−0.039	0.126	0.288	0.033	1.237	−1.718	−2.100	−1.689	0.593	1.962	2.528
5	0.081	0.088	0.456	−0.075	0.061	0.164	0.120	0.031	0.995	−1.850	−1.522	−1.622	0.672	1.431	2.176
60	0.235	−0.015	0.409	0.150	0.057	0.025	0.007	0.225	1.699	−2.466	−2.421	−2.069	0.507	1.861	3.137		✔
62	0.150	0.039	0.403	0.179	0.072	−0.024	0.063	0.133	1.317	−1.807	−2.033	−1.918	0.515	2.008	2.827
78	0.219	0.059	0.396	0.125	−0.097	0.097	−0.041	0.061	0.949	−1.287	−1.917	−1.300	0.740	1.929	2.121
64	0.158	0.032	0.393	0.127	0.020	0.007	0.057	0.176	1.233	−1.942	−2.166	−1.834	0.678	1.828	2.905
11	0.273	−0.026	0.372	0.121	0.089	0.175	−0.016	0.080	1.663	−2.166	−2.243	−1.700	0.907	2.547	3.387
79	0.344	0.064	0.351	0.182	0.055	0.097	0.029	−0.046	1.638	−2.374	−2.057	−1.874	0.795	2.416	3.187
84	0.146	0.163	0.320	0.223	0.092	−0.080	0.000	0.249	1.497	−2.316	−2.320	−2.275	0.337	1.772	2.609
13	0.230	0.105	0.309	−0.037	0.052	0.113	0.184	0.074	1.068	−1.489	−1.446	−1.587	0.662	1.622	2.201
63	−0.032	0.280	0.292	0.229	−0.052	0.002	0.142	0.055	0.937	−1.534	−2.108	−2.166	0.418	1.207	1.819
58	0.104	0.040	0.286	0.200	0.019	0.198	−0.051	0.237	1.267	−2.170	−1.994	−2.010	0.503	1.381	2.239
67	0.251	0.005	0.257	0.129	0.060	0.048	0.141	0.229	1.489	−2.625	−2.333	−1.743	0.517	1.745	2.786
34	0.169	0.097	0.079	0.597	0.054	−0.014	0.051	0.033	2.218	−3.558	−4.071	−2.857	0.235	1.979	3.563	0.37	✔
31	−0.117	0.110	0.095	0.586	−0.040	−0.015	0.016	0.076	0.936	−1.983	−2.392	−2.307	0.191	1.219	1.386
30	0.048	0.018	−0.005	0.506	0.334	−0.012	−0.006	−0.026	0.730	−1.320	−1.767	−1.506	0.594	0.983	1.034
80	0.117	0.019	0.181	0.404	−0.094	0.100	0.152	0.052	0.889	−0.902	−2.018	−1.369	0.402	1.222	1.403
74	−0.002	0.164	0.244	0.285	0.055	0.204	0.006	0.035	1.083	−1.989	−2.236	−1.764	0.447	1.646	1.988		✔
33	0.127	0.003	0.163	0.272	0.118	0.109	0.074	0.218	1.197	−1.899	−2.242	−2.195	0.191	1.442	2.094		✔
46	0.175	0.117	0.045	0.016	0.446	0.057	−0.022	0.150	0.918	−1.155	−1.899	−1.521	0.888	1.059	1.592	0.331	✔
77	−0.058	0.227	−0.051	0.085	0.438	0.170	0.065	0.083	1.097	−2.168	−2.101	−1.894	0.539	0.991	1.867		✔
28	0.096	0.183	0.207	−0.175	0.429	0.082	0.062	−0.075	0.813	−1.011	−1.833	−1.377	0.952	1.351	1.893
47	−0.021	−0.068	0.083	0.054	0.427	0.022	0.000	0.262	0.639	−1.353	−1.830	−1.457	0.902	1.072	1.041
35	0.229	0.050	0.145	0.189	0.415	−0.042	0.081	−0.050	0.837	−0.786	−1.675	−1.484	0.914	0.956	1.055
55	−0.101	0.043	0.137	0.100	0.410	0.095	0.163	0.152	1.103	−1.790	−2.311	−1.715	0.448	0.764	1.734		✔
36	0.002	0.071	−0.021	0.220	0.405	0.159	0.142	−0.158	0.720	−0.898	−1.818	−1.428	0.848	1.041	1.522
4	−0.051	0.168	−0.026	0.022	0.388	−0.020	0.241	0.225	0.907	−1.435	−1.936	−1.876	0.492	0.978	1.331
32	0.154	−0.016	−0.036	0.136	0.378	0.145	0.075	0.192	0.839	−0.967	−1.999	−1.245	0.586	1.216	1.029
24	−0.154	0.054	0.198	0.071	0.378	0.114	0.110	−0.153	0.541	−0.646	−1.655	−1.343	0.629	0.825	1.073
2	−0.012	0.255	0.099	−0.066	0.366	0.123	0.042	−0.067	0.632	−1.311	−1.357	−1.317	0.938	0.871	1.526
56	0.085	0.026	−0.038	−0.076	0.363	0.319	0.081	−0.032	0.628	−0.757	−1.521	−1.440	1.343	1.345	1.521
9	0.149	0.037	0.194	−0.162	0.299	−0.047	0.060	0.068	0.357	−0.169	−1.022	−1.003	1.075	0.552	0.652
52	0.056	0.117	0.080	0.004	0.069	0.654	−0.006	0.027	2.010	−3.415	−2.623	−2.061	0.933	2.660	4.661	0.295	✔
70	0.079	0.079	0.106	−0.002	0.125	0.601	−0.019	0.104	2.078	−3.041	−2.655	−2.198	0.933	2.855	3.848		✔
76	0.016	0.301	−0.016	0.051	0.009	0.431	−0.005	0.157	1.168	−2.223	−1.797	−1.629	0.714	1.791	2.185		✔
54	0.095	0.061	0.128	−0.007	0.104	0.427	0.106	0.027	1.041	−1.404	−1.712	−1.629	0.744	1.673	2.466
57	0.232	0.088	0.073	−0.075	0.013	0.398	0.117	0.131	1.196	−1.493	−2.251	−1.728	1.302	2.349	2.842
73	0.070	0.013	0.201	0.143	0.006	0.398	0.130	0.008	1.127	−1.697	−2.151	−1.833	0.878	1.807	3.009
72	−0.043	0.102	0.187	0.006	−0.029	0.382	0.237	−0.227	0.534	−0.680	−1.440	−1.167	0.502	1.245	1.320
71	−0.010	0.307	0.047	0.038	0.053	0.377	−0.076	0.213	1.183	−2.236	−2.237	−1.711	0.653	1.780	2.656
82	0.055	−0.100	−0.056	0.096	0.057	0.375	0.260	0.293	0.945	−1.339	−2.299	−1.884	0.782	1.789	2.355
75	−0.031	0.147	0.262	0.188	0.013	0.270	0.120	−0.035	0.984	−1.873	−1.838	−2.022	0.234	1.672	2.093
83	0.096	0.144	0.182	−0.109	−0.128	0.006	0.641	0.024	1.019	−1.391	−1.285	−1.607	0.504	1.593	2.319	0.344	✔
39	0.035	0.007	0.002	−0.001	0.257	−0.074	0.580	−0.006	0.766	−0.950	−1.219	−1.596	1.011	0.696	1.105
43	0.029	0.077	−0.005	0.066	−0.025	0.186	0.511	0.206	1.464	−3.166	−2.470	−2.300	0.541	2.180	3.081		✔
25	0.011	0.014	−0.132	0.113	0.293	0.100	0.501	0.048	0.974	−1.424	−2.002	−1.698	0.754	0.956	1.554
42	0.105	−0.005	0.007	0.144	0.209	−0.077	0.481	0.050	0.883	−1.545	−1.715	−1.527	0.832	0.783	1.449
38	−0.092	0.076	0.163	0.032	0.263	0.025	0.465	−0.056	0.905	−1.160	−2.047	−1.554	0.677	1.139	1.482
81	−0.122	−0.011	0.109	0.251	−0.009	−0.084	0.442	0.159	0.777	−1.586	−1.985	−2.079	0.215	1.019	1.403
40	0.098	0.032	0.036	0.299	−0.029	0.149	0.408	0.010	1.089	−1.626	−1.946	−1.952	0.404	1.394	2.334		✔
51	0.221	−0.030	0.195	0.142	−0.012	0.186	0.271	0.079	0.893	−0.994	−1.922	−1.846	0.653	1.612	1.841
68	−0.055	0.046	0.052	0.020	−0.004	0.179	0.267	0.529	1.554	−2.249	−2.735	−2.507	0.287	1.695	2.418	0.316	✔
69	0.159	0.028	0.107	0.053	0.095	0.072	0.023	0.529	1.540	−2.247	−2.461	−2.169	0.426	1.904	2.870		✔
85	0.110	0.115	0.220	0.136	0.052	−0.017	0.098	0.399	1.576	−2.533	−2.700	−2.056	0.557	2.022	2.754		✔
89	−0.271	0.138	0.192	0.043	0.049	0.246	0.075	0.392	1.055	−1.920	−2.335	−2.245	0.047	1.266	1.926
26	0.117	0.125	−0.049	0.048	0.047	0.332	−0.006	0.349	0.969	−1.753	−1.834	−1.629	0.928	1.698	2.373
23	−0.283	0.252	0.071	0.198	0.050	0.145	0.036	0.339	0.972	−2.327	−2.453	−2.291	0.011	1.389	1.579
37	0.076	−0.008	−0.143	0.248	−0.065	0.174	0.294	0.317	0.939	−1.132	−2.322	−2.288	0.709	1.639	2.129
10	0.071	0.119	0.285	0.275	0.043	−0.127	0.109	0.309	1.295	−1.659	−2.624	−2.174	0.180	1.438	1.984
49	0.268	0.240	0.014	0.011	0.154	0.063	−0.113	0.274	0.626	−0.497	−1.260	−1.747	0.775	1.189	0.922

IRT: item response theory; SE: standard error. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in maximum liklihood method and obmilin rotation. IRT analysis was conducted in the generalized partial credit model.