Table 1. Regional skin temperatures of the four conditions: control, drinking (DO), skin cooling (CO) and both (CD).
| Phase (min) | Control | DO | CO | CD | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forehead temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 35.9 ± 0.4 | 35.8 ± 0.3 | 36.0 ± 0.3 | 35.8 ± 0.3 | N.S |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 35.2 ± 2.3 | 36.3 ± 0.3 | 36.1 ± 0.3 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 36.3 ± 1.2 | 35.6 ± 1.4 | 36.0 ± 0.5 | 35.5 ± 0.7 | N.S | |
| Chest temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 34.4 ± 1.3b | 33.1 ± 1.2b | 29.5 ± 2.5a | 28.6 ± 3.0a | p<0.001 |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 36.5 ± 0.5b | 35.6 ± 0.4b | 29.0 ± 4.6a | 29.4 ± 4.2a | p<0.001 | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 36.9 ± 0.4b | 35.9 ± 0.4b | 31.9 ± 2.6a | 29.4 ± 4.2a | p<0.001 | |
| Abdomen temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 35.5 ± 0.5b | 34.5 ± 1.0ab | 34.1 ± 1.3a | 33.9 ± 0.7a | p<0.05 |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 35.6 ± 0.4 | 35.1 ± 1.1 | 34.2 ± 1.2 | 34.2 ± 1.1 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 36.8 ± 0.4 | 35.8 ± 0.8 | 35.0 ± 1.4 | 33.9 ± 0.8 | N.S | |
| Upper back temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 35.7 ± 0.6b | 35.0 ± 0.4ab | 34.8 ± 0.5ab | 34.1 ± 1.1a | p<0.05 |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 37.2 ± 0.3b | 36.3 ± 0.8ab | 36.1 ± 1.0ab | 35.8 ± 0.9a | p<0.05 | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 37.1 ± 0.3b | 36.4 ± 0.2b | 36.1 ± 1.1ab | 35.2 ± 1.5a | p<0.05 | |
| Forearm temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 34.9 ± 1.0 | 34.5 ± 0.8 | 34.2 ± 1.0 | 34.3 ± 0.9 | N.S |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 36.4 ± 0.5 | 35.9 ± 0.4 | 36.0 ± 0.6 | 36.0 ± 0.5 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 36.6 ± 0.4b | 35.9 ± 0.3ab | 35.8 ± 0.5a | 35.5 ± 0.7a | p<0.05 | |
| Hand temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 34.8 ± 0.9 | 34.6 ± 0.6 | 34.4 ± 1.4 | 34.5 ± 0.9 | N.S |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 35.5 ± 1.0 | 34.9 ± 0.9 | 34.9 ± 1.1 | 34.7 ± 1.0 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 35.9 ± 0.7b | 35.4 ± 0.6b | 35.3 ± 0.4b | 34.4 ± 0.7a | p<0.05 | |
| Waist temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 35.4 ± 0.8b | 34.9 ± 0.7ab | 34.2 ± 0.8a | 34.2 ± 0.7a | p<0.05 |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 36.9 ± 0.8 | 36.1 ± 0.7 | 36.2 ± 0.5 | 35.8 ± 0.8 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 37.1 ± 0.5b | 36.4 ± 0.3ab | 36.4 ± 0.4a | 36.2 ± 0.6a | p<0.05 | |
| Thigh temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 34.6 ± 1.1b | 33.4 ± 0.7ab | 33.3 ± 0.9a | 33.4 ± 0.7ab | p<0.05 |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 36.5 ± 0.5b | 35.9 ± 0.4ab | 35.6 ± 0.9a | 35.4 ± 0.7a | p<0.05 | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 37.1 ± 0.4b | 36.2 ± 0.5ab | 36.1 ± 0.7a | 36.1 ± 0.4a | p<0.05 | |
| Calf temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 34.7 ± 0.6 | 34.2 ± 0.5 | 34.1 ± 0.5 | 34.2 ± 0.7 | N.S |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 35.5 ± 1.9 | 36.0 ± 0.4 | 36.1 ± 0.4 | 35.3 ± 0.8 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 36.6 ± 0.8 | 36.1 ± 0.6 | 36.4 ± 0.5 | 35.2 ± 1.6 | N.S | |
| Foot temp. (°C) | Rest (5–10 th) | 34.0 ± 1.6 | 33.6 ± 1.7 | 34.2 ± 1.5 | 33.8 ± 1.8 | N.S |
| Exercise (35–40 th) | 36.6 ± 1.1 | 36.8 ± 0.7 | 36.6 ± 0.7 | 36.6 ± 0.5 | N.S | |
| Recovery (55–60 th) | 36.7 ± 0.5 | 36.2 ± 0.3 | 36.5 ± 0.2 | 36.4 ± 0.3 | N.S |
Data are expressed as means and standard deviations (SD). DO: Drinking only; CO: Cooling only; CD: Cooling & Drinking. N.S: Not significant; a,b,ab: Significant differences among the four conditions by a Tukey’s post hoc.