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. 2020 Apr 2;8:16. doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-0091-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Three-dimensional isosurface renderings (anterior view) derived from microcomputed tomography (µCT) showing mineralized tissues (>310 Hounsfield units) of the spines included in the study. a 85-year-old male, thoracic vertebrae 4–11. b 77-year-old male, thoracic vertebrae 3–7. c 88-year-old male, thoracic vertebrae 7–9. d 72-year-old male, thoracic vertebrae 3–9. e 78-year-old male, thoracic vertebrae 4–6. f 86-year-old female, thoracic vertebrae 4–7. Arrows indicate the level of the intervertebral disc of the specific motion segments included in the study; yellow arrows—discontinous-patchy presentation, orange arrows—vertical presentation, and cyan arrows—horizontal presentation. The scale bar represents 10 mm