Table 2.

Validation sources for the proposed framework. Downtimes estimated with the proposed framework (Estimated downtime) for the three natural hazard events considered, along with the downtimes reported by the various validation sources described in Methods.

Region and Event	Source	Downtime Length
Kathmandu, Nepal	Estimated downtime	48 days
Gorkha Earthquake	Business surveys, from12	41 days
	Kathmandu Post Disaster Needs Assessment41${}^a$	37 days
	Mobile phone data, from25	56 days
	Facebook posts text analysis (n = 299)	51 days
San Juan, Puerto Rico	Estimated downtime	118 days
Hurricane Maria	Satellite imagery, from11,37	134 days
	Puerto Rico Tourism Company${}^b$	97 days
	U.S. Energy Information Administration${}^c$	128 days
	Facebook posts text analysis (n = 755)	71 days
Juchitan de Zaragoza, Mexico	Estimated downtime	52 days
Chiapas Earthquake	Facebook surveys (n = 16)	63 days
	Facebook posts text analysis (n = 19)	55 days

${}^a$“The earthquakes and series of continuing aftershocks led to the complete closure of schools and colleges for 37 days” (https://www.nepalhousingreconstruction.org/sites/nuh/files/2017-03/PDNA%20Volume%20A%20Final.pdf).

${}^b$https://tourism.pr.gov.

${}^c$https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/.