Table 1.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of naringin in single-dose studies (n=10 per groups of rats, n=6 per groups of dogs, n=8 per groups of humans, mean ± SD).

Species	Dose a (mg kg-1 or mg)	The route of adminstration	t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmax b (ng ml-1 or μg ml-1)	AUC0-t c (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	AUC0-∞c (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	Vd (L/kg)	CL (L/h/kg)	MRT0-t (h)	MRT0-∞ (h)
Rat
	10.5	p.o.	0.328 ± 0.275	1.50 ± 2.35	31.7 ± 13.2	32.7 ± 27.7	35.7 ± 29.3	174 ± 98.3	624 ± 589	0.741 ± 0.423	1.22 ± 0.297
	21	p.o.	0.500 ± 0.493	1.53 ± 2.36	30.5 ± 16.3	34.2 ± 20.3	38.4 ± 21.4	322 ± 239	759 ± 753	1.18 ± 0.399	1.42 ± 0.621
	42	p.o.	0.463 ± 0.598	1.18 ± 1.78	52.6 ± 78.8	40.7 ± 51.3	45.1 ± 55.4	586 ± 394	1,410 ± 1,110	1.10 ± 0.381	1.24 ± 0.292
	168	p.o.	0.738 ± 0.781	2.85 ± 4.06	104 ± 77.5	140 ± 66.3	145 ± 66.4	639 ± 657	810 ± 417	2.01 ± 0.451	1.96 ± 1.08
	42	i.v.	1.62 ± 1.18	0.030 ± 0.000	88.5 ± 51.0	18.1 ± 7.58	18.1 ± 7.55	8.29 ± 10.0	2.90 ± 1.66	0.496 ± 0.382	0.570 ± 0.476
Dog
	3.1	p.o.	1.84 ± 1.46	1.33 ± 0.258	39.9 ± 10.4	108 ± 58.8	129 ± 78.2	61.2 ± 23.0	31.2 ± 15.4	2.50 ± 1.05	3.38 ± 1.88
	12.4	p.o.	1.31 ± 0.581	1.00 ± 0.316	70.2 ± 16.9	124 ± 32.2	135 ± 35.5	171 ± 59.4	98.0 ± 27.2	1.77 ± 0.371	2.17 ± 0.633
	49.6	p.o.	1.31 ± 0.293	1.00 ± 0.447	107 ± 78.2	211 ± 92.1	224 ± 104	482 ± 173	267 ± 127	2.46 ± 1.11	2.73 ± 1.02
	12.4	i.v.	1.37 ± 0.347	0.080 ± 0.000	5.80 ± 0.946	2.92 ± 0.406	2.93 ± 0.403	8.69 ± 3.35	4.31 ± 0.604	0.703 ± 0.153	0.727 ± 0.143
Human
	40	p.o.	2.48 ± 1.64	1.97 ± 1.11	2.24 ± 0.670	7.61 ± 3.50	9.99 ± 4.22	275 ± 167	67.0 ± 36.3	2.66 ± 0.443	4.90 ± 1.69
	80	p.o.	1.90 ± 1.22	2.09 ± 1.39	2.94 ± 1.17	9.27 ± 3.37	12.2 ± 3.19	295 ± 117	103 ± 49.9	2.80 ± 0.543	3.83 ± 1.69
	160	p.o.	3.64 ± 3.01	2.50 ± 1.41	4.29 ± 2.63	15.7 ± 7.51	22.4 ± 9.36	725 ± 568	144 ± 61.6	3.30 ± 1.12	6.54 ± 4.41
	160 (high- fat diet) d	p.o.	3.11 ± 1.95	2.66 ± 1.87	3.04 ± 1.15	12.8 ± 4.74	18.2 ± 5.81	755 ± 509	172 ± 64.3	3.45 ± 1.22	6.19 ± 2.77
	320	p.o.	2.51 ± 1.58	1.66 ± 0.990	10.9 ± 12.4	37.5 ± 32.2	39.8 ± 32.2	677 ± 505	202 ± 131	3.17 ± 0.677	4.01 ± 1.05
	480	p.o.	2.01 ± 0.498	1.66 ± 0.834	5.69 ± 2.80	19.4 ± 7.86	21.2 ± 7.95	1,360 ± 992	477 ± 372	3.08 ± 0.704	3.86 ± 0.779

^aThe unit was mg kg^-1 for rat and dog, and mg for human.

^bThe unit was μg ml^-1 for i.v. administration groups, and ng ml^-1 for p.o. administration groups.

^cThe unit was h μg ml^-1 for i.v. administration groups, and h ng ml^-1 for p.o. administration groups.

^dCompared to 160 mg group, the acceptable level of significance was established at P < 0.05*.