Table 2.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of naringenin in single-dose studies (n=10 per groups of rats, n=6 per groups of dogs, n=8 per groups of humans, mean ± SD).

Species	Dose (mg kg-1 or mg a)	The route of adminstration	t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmaxb (ng ml-1 or μg ml-1)	AUC0-t c (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	AUC0-∞c (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	Vd (L/kg)	CL (L/h/kg)	MRT0-t (h)	MRT0-∞ (h)
Rat
	10.5	p.o.	2.08 ± 1.30	2.50 ± 1.27	0.187 ± 0.114	0.518 ± 0.207	0.541 ± 0.216	74.2 ± 64.4	25.1 ± 18.1	3.84 ± 1.61	4.30 ± 1.97
	21	p.o.	1.93 ± 1.14	3.00 ± 1.41	0.539 ± 0.487	1.68 ± 1.14	1.71 ± 1.15	57.5 ± 57.0	18.4 ± 12.5	5.02 ± 2.90	5.22 ± 3.02
	42	p.o.	2.47 ± 1.33	3.30 ± 1.34	1.08 ± 0.745	4.16 ± 3.80	4.22 ± 3.78	66.6 ± 67.9	18.7 ± 16.6	5.20 ± 1.45	5.55 ± 1.64
	168	p.o.	2.75 ± 1.04	5.70 ± 2.31	1.83 ± 0.858	11.3 ± 4.24	11.5 ± 4.26	93.4 ± 121	19.6 ± 17.3	7.73 ± 2.25	8.03 ± 2.25
	42	i.v.	2.45 ± 1.38	0.040 ± 0.021	3.98 ± 2.51	2.36 ± 1.12	2.39 ± 1.11	88.3 ± 113	23.4 ± 16.0	3.36 ± 2.11	3.66 ± 2.14
Dog
	3.1	p.o.	2.42 ± 1.15	5.67 ± 0.816	0.033 ± 0.013	0.166 ± 0.063	0.191 ± 0.064	70.0 ± 63.8	18.0 ± 6.73	6.33 ± 1.41	7.67 ± 2.20
	12.4	p.o.	1.93 ± 0.890	6.00 ± 1.79	0.082 ± 0.025	0.408 ± 0.160	0.463 ± 0.197	81.4 ± 32.8	32.2 ± 16.4	6.80 ± 1.53	7.57 ± 2.30
	49.6	p.o.	1.74 ± 0.547	6.33 ± 2.34	0.204 ± 0.053	1.11 ± 0.697	1.15 ± 0.678	132 ± 74.2	51.7 ± 18.8	6.97 ± 1.63	7.37 ± 1.65
	12.4	i.v.	1.62 ± 1.32	5.25 ± 3.57	34.8 ± 13.6	0.142 ± 0.094	0.158 ± 0.101	224 ± 124	178 ± 202	4.35 ± 2.56	5.14 ± 3.34
Human
	40	p.o.	1.26 ± 1.06	6.86 ± 2.54	11.7 ± 12.4	21.6 ± 22.9	23.9 ± 22.6	61.5 ± 38.4	41.5 ± 33.1	5.25 ± 0.583	6.30 ± 4.77
	80	p.o.	3.17 ± 4.24	8.38 ± 4.24	12.1 ± 8.52	45.2 ± 37.2	72.6 ± 87.8	174 ± 158	75.9 ± 103	8.01 ± 4.88	14.3 ± 23.3
	160	p.o.	1.50 ± 0.838	9.13 ± 2.59	26.2 ± 18.2	91.0 ± 70.6	97.8 ± 71.5	60.6 ± 22.1	31.2 ± 16.1	9.82 ± 4.20	10.1 ± 5.05
	160 (high- fat diet) d	p.o.	2.63 ± 1.30	8.88 ± 3.36	23.3 ± 17.7	93.6 ± 52.1	164 ± 97.4	78.4 ± 20.6	22.9 ± 5.99	9.54 ± 2.64	9.56 ± 2.93
	320	p.o.	2.67 ± 1.54	9.00 ± 2.39	73.6 ± 45.6	409 ± 118	452 ± 110	47.0 ± 30.6	6.00 ± 2.23	10.2 ± 2.47	11.1 ± 3.27
	480	p.o.	3.37 ± 3.38	13.1 ± 5.17	96.8 ± 76.5	615 ± 348	805 ± 463	55.8 ± 47.4	6.32 ± 7.94	12.0 ± 2.42	12.5 ± 3.34

^aThe unit was mg kg^-1 for rats and dogs, and mg for humans.

^bThe unit was μg ml^-1 for rats and dogs, and ng ml^-1 for humans.

^cThe unit was h μg ml^-1 for rat and dogs, and h ng ml^-1 for humans.

^dCompared to 160 mg group, the acceptable level of significance was established at P < 0.05*.