Table 3.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of naringin and naringenin in multiple-dose studies (p.o., three times a day, n=10 per groups of rats, n=6 per groups of dogs, n=8 per groups of humans, mean ± SD).

Species	Dose (mg kg-1 or mg a)	Analyte	t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	$C_{av}^{SS}$ g ml-1)	Fluctuation b (%)	Accumulation c Index
Rat
	42	Naringin	0.320 ± 0.191	1.70 ± 1.47	11.7 ± 15.9	728 ± 711	1.22 ± 0.401
	42	Naringenin	2.81 ± 1.84	3.90 ± 2.28	389 ± 415	184 ± 114	1.31 ± 0.625
Dog
	12.4	Naringin	0.938 ± 0.353	1.67 ± 0.753	18.6 ± 4.68	306 ± 103	1.21 ± 0.099
	12.4	Naringenin	2.17 ± 1.03	6.00 ± 0.000	49.8 ± 12.2	72.7 ± 57.2	1.35 ± 0.209
Human
	160	Naringin	2.94 ± 2.01	1.66 ± 1.62	1.75 ± 0.365	187 ± 70.7	1.22 ± 0.285
	160	Naringenin	3.14 ± 2.01	5.83 ± 1.17	39.0 ± 38.7	177 ± 76.5	1.21 ± 0.277

^aThe unit was mg kg^-1 for rats and dogs, and mg for humans.

^b$Fluctuation=\frac{\left(C_{max}^{SS}-C_{min}^{SS}\right)}{C_{av}^{SS}}\times 100\%$.

^c$Accumulation Index=\frac{{\text{AUC}}_{0-24}^{SS}}{{\text{AUC}}_{0-24}^{Day1}}$