Table 4.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of naringin for different sexes in single-dose studies (half male and female for rats and dogs, a mix of males and females for humans, mean ± SD).

Information of administration a		Male					Female b
		t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmax c (ng ml-1 or μg ml-1)	AUC0-t d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	AUC0-∞d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmax c (ng ml-1 or μg ml-1)	AUC0-t d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	AUC0-∞d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)
Rat
10.5	p.o.	0.190 ± 0.063	1.95 ± 3.40	36.1 ± 14.9	33.5 ± 28.8	36.9 ± 30.2	0.465 ± 0.344	1.05 ± 0.622	27.2 ± 11.2	31.9 ± 29.9	34.6 ± 31.9
21	p.o.	0.325 ± 0.381	1.50 ± 2.52	29.9 ± 18.5	21.4 ± 16.5	24.8 ± 18.0	0.675 ± 0.570	1.55 ± 2.49	31.1 ± 16.0	47.0 ± 15.6*	51.9 ± 15.7*
42	p.o.	0.375 ± 0.354	0.650 ± 0.762	92.7 ± 99.4	68.1 ± 62.7	74.9 ± 67.6	0.550 ± 0.813	1.70 ± 2.42	12.6 ± 9.42	13.3 ± 10.3	15.3 ± 11.6
168	p.o.	0.625 ± 0.781	3.75 ± 4.85	113 ± 102	144 ± 80.3	149 ± 84.3	0.850 ± 0.854	1.95 ± 3.39	95.8 ± 54.4	137 ± 50.7	142 ± 52.4
42	i.v.	1.65 ± 1.48	0.030 ± 0.000	106 ± 37.6	21.3 ± 7.03	21.4 ± 6.93	1.60 ± 0.972	0.030 ± 0.000	70.2 ± 60.0	14.8 ± 7.29	14.8 ± 7.28
Dog
3.1	p.o.	2.41 ± 1.98	1.50 ± 0.231	42.9 ± 9.19	128 ± 76.6	149 ± 97.4	1.26 ± 0.633	1.17 ± 0.289	36.8 ± 12.6	88.5 ± 40.0	109 ± 67.7
12.4	p.o.	1.20 ± 0.443	1.00 ± 0.500	80.2 ± 17.2	132 ± 40.0	137 ± 42.3	1.42 ± 0.782	1.00 ± 0.100	60.2 ± 10.8	115 ± 27.9	132 ± 36.8
49.6	p.o.	1.50 ± 0.117	0.833 ± 0.577	56.6 ± 6.83	181 ± 46.7	185 ± 45.5	1.13 ± 0.312	1.17 ± 0.289	157 ± 87.5	240 ± 128	262 ± 144
12.4	i.v.	1.48 ± 0.404	0.080 ± 0.000	5.74 ± 1.05	2.64 ± 0.256	2.64 ± 0.255	1.25 ± 0.317	0.080 ± 0.000	5.86 ± 1.07	3.19 ± 0.344	3.20 ± 0.337
Humane
40	p.o.	3.07 ± 1.78	1.55 ± 0.622	2.43 ± 0.727	9.39 ± 3.23	12.5 ± 3.18	1.49 ± 0.849	2.67 ± 1.53	1.92 ± 0.516	4.64 ± 1.01	5.83 ± 0.737*
80	p.o.	2.46 ± 1.83	2.75 ± 1.71	2.58 ± 1.43	8.35 ± 4.36	13.2 ± 4.16	1.48 ± 0.448	1.44 ± 0.657	3.30 ± 0.916	10.2 ± 2.28	11.5 ± 2.69
160	p.o.	2.41 ± 1.79	1.75 ± 0.500	5.14 ± 3.60	13.7 ± 9.73	17.7 ± 9.93	4.57 ± 3.65	3.25 ± 1.71	3.44 ± 1.08	17.8 ± 5.04	25.9 ± 8.47
160 f	p.o.	3.86 ± 2.02	2.44 ± 1.98	2.30 ± 0.201	9.56 ± 3.57	14.7 ± 5.83	2.54 ± 1.96	2.88 ± 2.02	3.78 ± 1.26	16.1 ± 3.27*	20.9 ± 4.78

^aThe dose unit was mg kg^-1 for rats and dogs, and mg for humans.

^bCompared to males, the acceptable level of significance was established at P < 0.05*.

^cThe unit was μg ml^-1 for i.v. administration groups, and ng ml^-1 for p.o. administration groups.

^dThe unit was h μg ml^-1 for i.v. administration groups, and h ng ml^-1 for p.o. administration groups.

^eThere were four females in 40 mg group (one female, p.o., placebo), four females in 80 mg group (zero female, p.o., placebo), five females in 160 mg group (one female, p.o., placebo), five females in 160 mg (high-fat diet) group (one female, p.o., placebo), three females in 320 mg group (two females, p.o., placebo), and two females in 480 mg group (two females, p.o., placebo).

^fThe high-fat diet group.