Table 5.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of naringenin for different sexes in single-dose studies (half male and female for rats and dogs, a mix of males and females for humans, mean ± SD).

Information of administration a		Male					Female b
		t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmax c (ng ml-1 or μg ml-1)	AUC0-t d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	AUC0-∞d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmax c (ng ml-1 or μg ml-1)	AUC0-t d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)	AUC0-∞d (h·ng ml-1 or h μg ml-1)
Rat
10.5	p.o.	1.33 ± 0.453	3.00 ± 1.73	0.202 ± 0.079	0.593 ± 0.161	0.617 ± 0.180	2.83 ± 1.48	2.00 ± 0.810	0.172 ± 0.151	0.443 ± 0.237	0.465 ± 0.242
21	p.o.	1.26 ± 0.327	2.00 ± 0.707	0.804 ± 0.550	2.13 ± 1.39	2.17 ± 1.41	2.60 ± 1.32	4.00 ± 1.22	0.274 ± 0.236	1.24 ± 0.694	1.26 ± 0.699
42	p.o.	1.46 ± 0.777	4.00 ± 1.41	0.818 ± 0.615	2.66 ± 1.53	2.75 ± 1.49	3.47 ± 0.958*	2.60 ± 0.894	1.34 ± 0.838	5.66 ± 4.96	5.70 ± 4.95
168	p.o.	2.77 ± 1.24	3.80 ± 1.48	1.89 ± 0.805	10.4 ± 2.58	10.6 ± 2.42	2.73 ± 0.951	7.60 ± 0.894*	1.77 ± 1.00	12.2 ± 5.64	12.4 ± 5.73
42	i.v.	1.99 ± 0.529	0.030 ± 0.000	5.54 ± 2.40	2.99 ± 0.986	3.01 ± 0.982	2.91 ± 1.87	0.043 ± 0.025	2.43 ± 1.55*	1.72 ± 0.915	1.78 ± 0.945
Dog
3.1	p.o.	2.54 ± 0.931	6.00 ± 0.482	32.8 ± 5.33	195 ± 63.8	229 ± 63.3	2.29 ± 1.54	5.33 ± 1.15	32.7 ± 20.4	137 ± 58.2	152 ± 44.3
12.4	p.o.	2.30 ± 1.20	6.00 ± 2.00	68.3 ± 22.9	309 ± 128	398 ± 257	1.56 ± 0.345	6.00 ± 2.00	96.0 ± 21.8	508 ± 135	528 ± 136
49.6	p.o.	1.99 ± 0.712	6.67 ± 3.06	238 ± 44.7	1,420 ± 960	1,460 ± 914	1.50 ± 0.231	6.00 ± 2.00	169 ± 38.4	809 ± 131	842 ± 152
12.4	i.v.	1.98 ± 1.88	5.58 ± 4.19	32.1 ± 18.9	138 ± 114	163 ± 124	1.27 ± 0.677	4.92 ± 3.74	37.4 ± 9.27	145 ± 95.6	153 ± 101
Humane
40	p.o.	1.13 ± 0.629	7.75 ± 3.10	4.34 ± 1.44	6.81 ± 3.46	9.34 ± 4.01	1.45 ± 1.65	5.67 ± 1.15	21.4 ± 14.4*	41.2 ± 23.1*	43.3 ± 22.6*
80	p.o.	1.98 ± 1.03	9.25 ± 4.43	8.70 ± 3.87	38.0 ± 24.2	44.4 ± 29.2	4.37 ± 6.09	7.50 ± 4.51	15.6 ± 11.1	52.4 ± 50.0	101 ± 122
160	p.o.	1.50 ± 1.14	8.25 ± 3.30	32.8 ± 24.9	110 ± 98.1	114 ± 101	1.50 ± 0.577	10.0 ± 1.63	19.5 ± 5.64	71.8 ± 32.3	81.2 ± 31.3
160f	p.o.	3.47 ± 1.34	7.75 ± 3.10	29.4 ± 24.2	92.9 ± 57.5	229 ± 138	2.07 ± 1.15	10.0 ± 3.65	17.2 ± 6.97	94.3 ± 55.0	121 ± 47.3

^aThe dose unit was mg kg^-1 for rats and dogs, and mg for humans.

^bCompared to males, the acceptable level of significance was established at P < 0.05*.

^cThe unit was μg ml^-1 for rats, and ng ml^-1 for dogs and humans.

^dThe unit was h μg ml^-1 for rat, and h ng ml^-1 for dogs and humans.

^eThere were four females in 40 mg group (one female, p.o., placebo), four females in 80 mg group (zero female, p.o., placebo), five females in 160 mg group (one female, p.o., placebo), five females in 160 mg (high-fat diet) group (one female, p.o., placebo), three females in 320 mg group (two females, p.o., placebo), and two females in 480 mg group (two females, p.o., placebo).

^fThe high-fat diet group.