Table 6.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of naringin and naringenin for different sexes in multiple -dose studies (half male and female for rats and dogs, a mix of males and females for humans, mean ± SD).

Dose and analyte a		Male					Female b
		t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	$C_{av}^{SS}$. g ml-1)	Fluctuation c (%)	Accumulation d Index	t1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	$C_{av}^{SS}$. g ml-1)	Fluctuation c (%)	Accumulation d Index
Rat
42	Naringin	0.275 ± 0.205	0.700 ± 0.411	6.03 ± 9.48	844 ± 1,030	1.08 ± 0.224	0.365 ± 0.187	2.70 ± 1.48*	17.4 ± 19.9	612 ± 233	1.38 ± 0.544
42	Naringenin	2.18 ± 0.566	3.40 ± 0.548	178 ± 90.8	104 ± 58.9	0.817 ± 0.267	3.45 ± 2.50	4.40 ± 3.29	600 ± 517	264 ± 98.2	1.79 ± 0.457*
Dog
12.4	Naringin	1.13 ± 0.041	2.17 ± 0.764	15.1 ± 2.53	242 ± 8.10	1.20 ± 0.127	0.743 ± 0.443	1.17 ± 0.289	22.1 ± 3.41	370 ± 119	1.21 ± 0.092
12.4	Naringenin	1.38 ± 0.289	6.00 ± 0.000	49.0 ± 10.4	66.7 ± 82.5	1.36 ± 0.241	2.95 ± 0.839	6.00 ± 0.000	50.7 ± 16.1	78.6 ± 35.8	1.32 ± 0.224
Human e
160	Naringin	2.67 ± 1.40	1.55 ± 1.94	1.75 ± 0.403	210 ± 79.6	1.17 ± 0.167	3.40 ± 3.12	1.83 ± 1.26	1.74 ± 0.377	149 ± 37.5	1.30 ± 0.462
160	Naringenin	3.50 ± 2.24	6.25 ± 1.26	47.2 ± 47.0	167 ± 95.7	1.29 ± 0.326	2.42 ± 1.90	5.00 ± 0.000	22.6 ± 8.42	198 ± 21.3	1.16 ± 0.205

^aThe dose unit was mg kg^-1 for rats and dogs, and mg for humans.

^bCompared to males, the acceptable level of significance was established at P < 0.05*.

^c$Fluctuation=\frac{\left(C_{max}^{SS}-C_{min}^{SS}\right)}{C_{av}^{SS}}\times 100\%$.

^d $Accumulation Index=\frac{{\text{AUC}}_{0-24}^{SS}}{{\text{AUC}}_{0-24}^{Day1}}$.

^eThere were four females in human multiple-dose study (one female, p.o., placebo).