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. 2020 Apr 2;40(2):94-104. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2020.94

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Copyright © 2020, Annals of Saudi Medicine, Saudi Arabia

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND). The details of which can be accessed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Figure 1. — Representation of the surgical access provided by expanded endoscopic transnasal surgery (EETS) (A) Endoscopic exposure extended beyond the sellar margins. EETS was considered pre-chiasmatic sulcus superiorly, clival recess inferiorly, and cavernous carotid lines laterally (ICA: internal carotid artery; CS: cavernous sinus; CR: clival recess). Operating room setup for expanded endoscopic endonasal approaches (B, C). One monitor was used to allow a clear view for both surgeons. Intraoperative neuronavigation was always available in any case when EETS was planned. Distribution of cases and representation of the surgical access provided by EETS (D).