Table 2.

Characteristics of studies in the meta-analysis (n=15).

Study	Year	Sampling year	Country	Pregnant women (n)	Urban (n)	Rural (n)	Age (years)	IgG positive (n)	IgM positive (n)	Study type	Detection method	Ref.
Mamani	2015	2010-2011	Iran	1050	725	325	27.2 (5.6)	78	0	Prospective cross-sectional	DiaPro	37
Gu	2015	2009-2010	China	497	138	359	≤25 ->35	55	3	Cohort	Santa Cruz	39
Cong	2015	2011-2013	China	990	545	445	18-43	161	26	Case-control observational	Wantai	38
Florence	2016	2014	Burkina Faso	179	5	174	≤25 -35	19	0	Cross-sectional	Creative Diagnostic	44
Musa	2016	2015	Sudan	93	16	41	15-45	57	0	Cross-sectional	Soronno	37
De Paschale	2016	2011	Benin	278	0	278	15-41	62	7	NM	DiaPro	41
Noufensi	2016	2016	Cameroon	200	200	0	16-41	18	0	Cross-sectional	Prestige Diagnostics	42
Alkali	2016	2016	Nigeria	182	NM	NM	18-45	18	0	NM	Euroimmun	43
Tekeste	2017	2016	Eritrea	153	NM	NM	15-44	41	0	Cross-sectional Descriptive	Euroimmun	47
La Fauci	2017	2015	Italy	352	352	0	18-≥36	12	0	Hospital based	DiaPro	45
Abebe	2017	2014-2015	Ethiopia	386	386	0	16-40	122	2	Hospital based	Wantai	46
Rui	2018	2013-2014	China	225	NM	NM	20-35	49	8	Case-control observational	Wantai	48
Niguse	2018	2014-2016	Ethiopia	846	356	490	18-50	359	8	Cross-sectional	Wantai	49
Obiri-Yeboah	2018	NM	Ghana	398	341	57	28.0 (5.9)	48	1	Cross-sectional	Tangshan	50
Farshadpour	2018	2016-2017	Iran	1331	1331	0	14-45	83	11	Descriptive cross-sectional	DiaPro	51

Age data are mean (SD) or range. NM: not mentioned..