Table 2. Trends in In-Hospital Mortality.
| Characteristic | Proportion with in-hospital mortality, weighted % (95% CI) | P value for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
| Overall | 7.4 (7.4-7.5) | 7.4 (7.2-7.6) | 7.5 (7.3-7.6) | 7.6 (7.4-7.8) | 7.4 (7.3-7.6) | 7.3 (7.1-7.4) | .33 |
| Age, y | |||||||
| <25 | 2.6 (2.3-2.8) | 2.7 (2.1-3.3) | 2.2 (1.8-2.8) | 2.5 (2.0-3.1) | 2.6 (2.1-3.3) | 2.8 (2.3-3.4) | .43 |
| 25-44 | 3.7 (3.5-4.0) | 3.6 (3.4-3.9) | 3.9 (3.6-4.1) | 3.8 (3.6-4.1) | 3.5 (3.3-3.8) | 3.7 (3.5-4.0) | .77 |
| 45-64 | 6.5 (6.4-6.5) | 6.4 (6.2-6.6) | 6.5 (6.3-6.7) | 6.5 (6.4-6.7) | 6.5 (6.3-6.7) | 6.4 (6.2-6.6) | .62 |
| ≥65 | 11.4 (11.3-11.5) | 11.7 (11.4-12.0) | 11.6 (11.3-11.9) | 11.9 (11.6-12.2) | 11.3 (11.0-11.6) | 10.7 (10.5-11.0) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 7.4 (7.4-7.5) | 7.4 (7.2-7.6) | 7.5 (7.3-7.7) | 7.6 (7.4-7.8) | 7.4 (7.2-7.6) | 7.3 (7.1-7.5) | .39 |
| Female | 7.4 (7.3-7.5) | 7.4 (7.2-7.6) | 7.5 (7.3-7.7) | 7.6 (7.4-7.8) | 7.5 (7.3-7.7) | 7.3 (7.1-7.5) | .47 |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 7.5 (7.4-7.6) | 7.5 (7.3-7.7) | 7.5 (7.3-7.7) | 7.7 (7.5-7.9) | 7.5 (7.3-7.7) | 7.3 (7.1-7.5) | .23 |
| African American | 7.7 (7.5-7.8) | 7.4 (7.0-7.8) | 7.5 (7.2-7.9) | 7.8 (7.4-8.2) | 8.0 (7.6-8.4) | 7.7 (7.4-8.0) | .09 |
| Hispanic | 6.3 (6.1-6.4) | 6.4 (6.1-6.8) | 6.5 (6.2-6.9) | 6.4 (6.1-6.8) | 6.0 (5.7-6.4) | 6.0 (5.7-6.3) | .02 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 8.8 (8.4-9.2) | 8.7 (7.8-9.6) | 9.3 (8.4-10.2) | 9.0 (8.2-9.9) | 8.7 (7.9-9.5) | 8.3 (7.6-9.1) | .25 |
| Insurance | |||||||
| Medicare | 9.1 (9.0-9.2) | 9.1 (8.8-9.3) | 9.2 (8.9-9.4) | 9.4 (9.1-9.6) | 9.1 (8.9-9.4) | 8.8 (8.6-9.0) | .12 |
| Medicaid | 5.5 (5.4-5.6) | 5.5 (5.3-5.8) | 5.8 (5.5-6.1) | 5.6 (5.3-5.8) | 5.3 (5.0-5.5) | 5.4 (5.2-5.6) | .05 |
| Private, including health maintenance organization | 6.8 (6.7-6.9) | 6.9 (6.6-7.2) | 6.6 (6.4-6.9) | 6.8 (6.5-7.1) | 6.9 (6.6-7.1) | 6.7 (6.4-7.0) | .77 |
| Self-pay | 6.0 (5.8-6.2) | 5.9 (5.5-6.3) | 6.0 (5.6-6.5) | 6.4 (5.9-6.9) | 5.9 (5.5-6.4) | 5.6 (5.2-6.1) | .46 |
| Alcoholic cirrhosis | 11.9 (11.7-12.0) | 11.1 (10.7-11.5) | 10.7 (10.3-11.0) | 10.7 (10.4-11.1) | 11.8 (11.4-12.1) | 13.4 (13.1-13.7) | <.001 |
| Hepatitis B virus | 4.4 (4.2-4.6) | 4.3 (3.8-4.7) | 4.2 (3.8-4.7) | 4.5 (4.1-5.0) | 4.4 (4.0-4.9) | 4.4 (4.0-4.9) | .43 |
| Hepatitis C virus | 4.1 (4.1-4.2) | 3.9 (3.7-4.1) | 4.2 (4.0-4.4) | 4.2 (4.0-4.4) | 4.3 (4.2-4.5) | 4.0 (3.8-4.1) | .44 |
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 4.1 (4.0-4.3) | 4.8 (4.5-5.0) | 4.6 (4.4-4.9) | 4.7 (4.5-4.9) | 4.0 (3.8-4.2) | 2.7 (2.5-2.9) | <.001 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 9.8 (9.5-10.1) | 9.7 (9.0-10.4) | 9.4 (8.6-10.1) | 9.9 (9.2-10.6) | 10.1 (9.4-10.8) | 9.8 (9.2-10.5) | .37 |
| Cirrhosis | 9.1 (9.0-9.2) | 8.3 (8.1-8.5) | 8.1 (7.9-8.4) | 8.3 (8.1-8.5) | 9.0 (8.8-9.2) | 11.2 (10.9-11.4) | <.001 |
| Cirrhosis-related complications | |||||||
| 0 | 4.8 (4.7-4.9) | 5.0 (4.7-5.3) | 5.3 (5.0-5.5) | 5.2 (4.9-5.5) | 4.6 (4.4-4.9) | 4.1 (3.9-4.3) | <.001 |
| 1 | 9.6 (9.4-9.7) | 8.0 (7.7-8.2) | 7.6 (7.3-7.9) | 7.9 (7.6-8.1) | 9.6 (9.3-9.8) | 13.6 (13.2-13.9) | <.001 |
| ≥2 | 13.1 (12.9-13.3) | 13.2 (12.7-13.7) | 12.8 (12.3-13.3) | 12.8 (12.3-13.3) | 12.9 (12.5-13.4) | 13.7 (13.2-14.1) | .09 |
| Coronary artery disease | 9.4 (9.2-9.6) | 9.2 (8.8-9.6) | 9.4 (9.0-9.8) | 9.7 (9.3-10.1) | 9.2 (8.9-9.6) | 9.4 (9.1-9.8) | .71 |
| Congestive heart failure | 12.8 (12.6-13.0) | 12.8 (12.4-13.3) | 13.5 (13.0-13.9) | 13.3 (12.8-13.7) | 12.7 (12.3-13.1) | 12.1 (11.8-12.5) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10.2 (10.1-10.4) | 10.3 (10.0-10.7) | 10.5 (10.2-10.9) | 10.5 (10.2-10.9) | 10.3 (10.0-10.6) | 9.7 (9.5-10.0) | .002 |
| Diabetes | 6.6 (6.5-6.7) | 6.6 (6.4-6.8) | 6.6 (6.3-6.8) | 6.6 (6.4-6.9) | 6.6 (6.4-6.8) | 6.5 (6.3-6.7) | .31 |
| Dyslipidemia | 6.5 (6.3-6.6) | 6.3 (6.0-6.5) | 6.3 (6.0-6.6) | 6.7 (6.4-7.0) | 6.5 (6.2-6.7) | 6.5 (6.3-6.8) | .10 |
| Hypertension | 6.6 (6.5-6.7) | 6.8 (6.6-7.0) | 6.8 (6.6-7.0) | 7.0 (6.8-7.2) | 6.7 (6.6-6.9) | 5.6 (5.4-5.8) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 6.2 (6.0-6.3) | 6.3 (5.9-6.6) | 6.1 (5.7-6.4) | 6.3 (6.0-6.7) | 6.2 (5.9-6.5) | 6.0 (5.8-6.3) | .46 |
| Pneumonia | 15.2 (15.0-15.4) | 15.1 (14.6-15.6) | 15.3 (14.8-15.8) | 15.7 (15.2-16.2) | 15.2 (14.7-15.6) | 14.8 (14.4-15.3) | .33 |
| Stroke | 14.2 (13.8-14.6) | 13.4 (12.6-14.3) | 13.6 (12.7-14.5) | 14.8 (13.9-15.7) | 14.4 (13.6-15.3) | 14.5 (13.7-15.2) | .04 |