Table 3. Trends in Mean Hospitalization Costs.
| Characteristic | Costs, weighted mean (95% CI), 2016 US dollars | P value for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
| Total costs (95% CI), 2016 US dollars, billions | 14.9 (13.9-15.9) | 15.2 (14.2-16.2) | 16.1 (15.0-17.1) | 16.1 (15.1-17.1) | 18.8 (17.6-20.0) | |
| Overall | 16 168 (15 667-16 670) | 16 094 (15 618-16 571) | 16 332 (15 821-16 843) | 15 763 (15 324-16 203) | 16 919 (16 417-17 422) | <.001 |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <25 | 15 611 (13 870-17 353) | 15 731 (14 043-17 420) | 16 958 (15 234-18 681) | 16 823 (15 434-18 212) | 17 478 (15 653-19 304) | <.001 |
| 25-44 | 14 607 (13 969-15 245) | 14 766 (14 136-15 397) | 15 098 (14 482-15 714) | 14 239 (13 702-14 777) | 16 038 (15 371-16 704) | <.001 |
| 45-64 | 16 211 (15 656-16 765) | 16 009 (15 501-16 516) | 16 389 (15 822-16 955) | 15 842 (15 365-16 319) | 17 071 (16 500-17 642) | <.001 |
| ≥65 | 17 013 (16 543-17 483) | 16 996 (16 509-17 483) | 16 855 (16 398-17 313) | 16 361 (15 944-16 779) | 17 100 (16 674-17 527) | .01 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 16 424 (15 883-16 966) | 16 458 (15 938-16 979) | 16 738 (16 184-17 291) | 16 180 (15 710-16 650) | 17 426 (16 870-17 982) | <.001 |
| Female | 15 818 (15 335-16 302) | 15 601 (15 140-16 062) | 15 789 (15 299-16 278) | 15 212 (14 785-15 639) | 16 247 (15 780-16 713) | <.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 15 540 (15 031-16 050) | 15 475 (14 998-15 952) | 15 710 (15 214-16 205) | 15 079 (14 672-15 487) | 15 994 (15 531-16 457) | <.001 |
| African American | 16 615 (16 046-17 185) | 16 494 (15 905-17 083) | 16 923 (16 340-17 510) | 16 873 (16 311-17 435) | 18 036 (17 370-18 703) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 16 391 (15 275-17 507) | 16 516 (15 387-17 646) | 16 848 (15 848-17 849) | 15 773 (14 899-16 647) | 17 434 (16 427-18 442) | <.001 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 21 278 (19 163-23 392) | 22 312 (20 711-23 913) | 22 383 (20 374-24 391) | 20 262 (18 984-21 540) | 22 302 (20 516-24 088) | .01 |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Medicare | 16 435 (15 953-16 916) | 16 384 (15 912-16 856) | 16 391 (15 911-16 870) | 15 976 (15 562-16 391) | 16 945 (16 504-17 387) | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 15 660 (15 052-16 268) | 15 748 (15 215-16 281) | 16 215 (15 673-16 757) | 15 335 (14 868-15 803) | 17 229 (16 631-17 826) | <.001 |
| Private, including health maintenance organization | 17 832 (16 982-18 681) | 17 558 (16 760-18 355) | 17 615 (16 758-18 473) | 16 934 (16 202-17 667) | 17 726 (16 919-18 533) | |
| Self-pay | 12 728 (12 250-13 207) | 12 690 (12 215-13 165) | 12 944 (12 487-13 400) | 12 277 (11 821-12 732) | 13 160 (12 442-13 878) | |
| Alcoholic cirrhosis | 17 787 (17 140-18 434) | 17 615 (16 963-18 266) | 17 677 (16 977-18 376) | 17 453 (16 877-18 028) | 20 282 (19 560-21 004) | <.001 |
| Hepatitis B virus | 15 203 (14 429-15 977) | 15 454 (14 659-16 248) | 16 029 (15 112-16 947) | 15 533 (14 749-16 318) | 16 970 (16 069-17 871) | <.001 |
| Hepatitis C virus | 13 991 (13 502-14 479) | 14 164 (13 669-14 659) | 14 290 (13 810-14 770) | 14 197 (13 758-14 636) | 15 085 (14 602-15 568) | <.001 |
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 13 566 (13 119-14 013) | 13 346 (12 924-13 769) | 13 456 (13 021-13 891) | 13 203 (12 847-13 560) | 13 769 (13 387-14 151) | <.001 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 18 512 (17 162-19 863) | 18 111 (16 528-19 694) | 17 861 (16 579-19 143) | 18 049 (16 718-19 380) | 18 952 (17 563-20 341) | .14 |
| Cirrhosis | 16 285 (15 663-16 908) | 16 190 (15 573-16 806) | 16 309 (15 641-16 976) | 16 298 (15 726-16 870) | 19 185 (18 485-19 885) | <.001 |
| Cirrhosis-related complications | ||||||
| 0 | 13 313 (12 868-13 759) | 13 402 (12 950-13 855) | 13 390 (12 950-13 829) | 13 165 (12 803-13 528) | 13 616 (13 246-13 985) | <.001 |
| 1 | 15 303 (14 775-15 831) | 15 170 (14 652-15 689) | 15 169 (14 673-15 666) | 15 747 (15 280-16 213) | 20 041 (19 415-20 667) | <.001 |
| ≥2 | 22 185 (20 858-23 512) | 21 759 (20 530-22 988) | 21 958 (20 418-23 498) | 21 027 (19 821-22 233) | 23 279 (21 718-24 841) | .20 |
| Coronary artery disease | 17 096 (16 531-17 660) | 16 699 (16 150-17 249) | 17 297 (16 714-17 880) | 16 627 (16 195-17 059) | 17 712 (17 194-18 230) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 23 012 (22 073-23 951) | 21 906 (21 118-22 695) | 22 530 (21 704-23 356) | 21 292 (20 600-21 984) | 22 489 (21 715-23 263) | .20 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 19 803 (18 940-20 667) | 19 228 (18 526-19 929) | 19 517 (18 742-20 291) | 18 562 (17 960-19 164) | 20 049 (19 274-20 823) | .01 |
| Diabetes | 15 800 (15 321-16 279) | 15 464 (15 028-15 900) | 15 553 (15 093-16 014) | 15 373 (14 958-15 788) | 16 213 (15 769-16 657) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 15 094 (14 636-15 553) | 14 994 (14 614-15 374) | 15 373 (14 949-15 797) | 14 962 (14 618-15 306) | 15 787 (15 386-16 186) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 15 930 (15 448-16 413) | 15 529 (15 107-15 951) | 15 843 (15 394-16 292) | 15 209 (14 839-15 579) | 14 913 (14 527-15 299) | .56 |
| Obesity | 17 692 (17 096-18 287) | 17 318 (16 750-17 887) | 17 471 (16 909-18 032) | 17 200 (16 685-17 714) | 18 162 (17 591-18 734) | .01 |
| Pneumonia | 27 959 (26 718-29 200) | 27 066 (25 973-28 160) | 27 815 (26 694-28 936) | 25 710 (24 768-26 653) | 28 360 (27 217-29 503) | .17 |
| Stroke | 25 569 (24 115-27 024) | 24 944 (23 507-26 381) | 25 885 (24 499-27 272) | 24 571 (23 348-25 794) | 28 509 (26 978-30 039) | <.001 |