Table 2.
Consumption of food items in the general adult population (18 years and older) in the 7 days before the interview, Germany, 2017
| Exposure in the 7 days prior to the interview | Weighted proportion (%) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Ground meat | ||
| Any ground mixed meat (pork and beef) (raw or cooked) | 44.6 | 39.7–49.7 |
| Raw ground mixed meat (pork and beef) | 3.4 | 1.9–5.9 |
| Any ground pork (raw or cooked) | 13.5 | 10.6–17.0 |
| Raw ground pork | 6.5 | 4.6–9.2 |
| Any ground beef (raw or cooked) | 20.6 | 16.7–25.2 |
| Raw ground beef | 3.1 | 1.8–5.3 |
| Any ground meat (mixed pork/beef or pork or beef)* (raw or cooked) | 60.3 | 55.6–64.8 |
| Raw ground meat (mixed pork/beef or pork or beef)* | 10.2 | 7.7–13.5 |
| Other meat | ||
| Pork, e.g. filet, steak | 48.4 | 43.6–53.3 |
| Any pork (pork or ground pork or mixed (pork/beef) ground meat)* | 69.6 | 65.1–73.7 |
| Beef, e.g. filet, steak | 40.1 | 35.3–45.0 |
| Any beef (beef or ground beef or mixed (pork/beef) ground meat)* | 71.3 | 67.0–75.1 |
| Sheep meat, mutton or lamb meat | 8.7 | 6.2–12.2 |
| Wild boar meat or products made with wild boar meat, e.g. wild boar meat sausages | 4.4 | 2.9–6.8 |
| Game meat, e.g. venison, hare, pheasant | 4.1 | 3.1–5.5 |
| Chicken meat, e.g. chicken breast, boiling hen | 63.5 | 58.8–68.0 |
| Turkey meat, e.g. turkey breast, turkey filet | 30.2 | 25.8–35.1 |
| Duck meat | 8.4 | 6.2–11.3 |
| Goose meat | 1.2 | 0.7–2.0 |
| Fast food | ||
| Doner kebab or chicken doner | 17.1 | 13.3–21.7 |
| Ready-to-eat sandwiches | 14.5 | 11.0–18.9 |
| Sausage (cold cut) and spreadable sausages | ||
| Teewurst (spreadable sausage with raw pork) | 15.7 | 12.2–19.8 |
| Streichmettwurst (spreadable sausage with raw pork) | 16.2 | 12.8–20.4 |
| Zwiebelmettwurst (spreadable sausage with raw pork, contains onions) | 12.6 | 9.3–16.8 |
| Cervelatwurst (sausage with raw pork) | 13.2 | 10.6–16.3 |
| Leberwurst (spreadable sausage with liver) | 39.6 | 34.8–44.5 |
| Kalbsleberwurst (spreadable sausage with calf liver) | 17.8 | 14.0–22.3 |
| Leberwurst vom Schwein (spreadable sausage with pig liver) | 21.2 | 17.6–25.4 |
| Salami (from pig or cattle) or mini-salami | 49.9 | 45.0–54.7 |
| Salami (from poultry) | 11.9 | 9.0–15.6 |
| Landjäger, Räucherenden, Knacker or similar (dried, cured salami-style sausage with pork and/or beef) | 17.6 | 14.1–21.9 |
| Raw ham, Parma (Italian) ham, or Serrano (Spanish) ham (with pork) | 45.3 | 40.5–50.1 |
| Hot dog style sausages | ||
| Hot dog style sausages, e.g. Frankfurter, Wiener | 34.4 | 30.0–39.1 |
| Hot dog style sausages, e.g. Frankfurter, Wiener; not heated before consumption | 8.1 | 5.8–11.2 |
| Hot dog style sausages, e.g. Frankfurter, Wiener; heated before consumption | 29.0 | 24.9–33.4 |
| Lettuce, pre-cut packaged lettuce, ready-to-eat salad mix or similar | ||
| Lettuce, e.g. head lettuce, rucola | 68.0 | 63.2–72.5 |
| Pre-cut, packaged lettuce, e.g. bagged ready-to-eat lettuce | 10.8 | 8.2–14.1 |
| Ready-to-eat salad mix, e.g. lettuce with ham or grilled chicken | 4.0 | 2.4–6.7 |
| Pre-cut, packaged fruit or ready-to-eat, packaged fruit salad | 3.7 | 2.0–6.7 |
| Raw (unheated) vegetables | ||
| Sprouts or seedlings, e.g. raw soy bean or mung bean sprouts, cress, radish sprouts or wheatgrass | 8.8 | 6.4–11.8 |
| Tomatoes | 84.7 | 80.8–87.9 |
| Cucumbers | 72.8 | 68.0–77.1 |
| Bell peppers | 61.8 | 57.1–66.4 |
| Carrots | 52.2 | 47.2–57.1 |
| Green onions/scallions or leek | 33.2 | 28.8–37.9 |
| Mushrooms | 11.9 | 8.9–15.8 |
| Nuts or seeds, spreadable creams from nuts or seeds | ||
| Raw, unprocessed nuts or seeds, e.g. hazelnuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds or sesame seeds | 51.1 | 46.2–55.9 |
| Peanut butter, peanut cream or similar | 6.3 | 4.2–9.3 |
| Sesame butter, sesame cream or similar | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 |
| Other butters/creams with nuts or seeds, e.g. almond butter, cashew butter | 5.2 | 3.7–7.3 |
| Raw (unpasteurised) milk | ||
| Raw milk (also if mixed with chocolate powder) | 11.5 | 8.4–15.5 |
| Raw milk, consumed without prior heating | 9.0 | 6.2–13.0 |
| Raw milk, consumed with prior heating | 2.4 | 1.4–4.2 |
| Raw milk, purchased directly at a farm (‘Milch ab Hof’) | 5.8 | 3.8–8.9 |
| Raw milk, from specialised producers (‘Vorzugsmilch’) | 5.7 | 3.5–9.0 |
| Raw milk, purchased at a vending machine for raw milk (‘Milchtankstelle’) | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 |
| Ice cream | ||
| Ice cream purchased at an ice cream stand/store (also soft ice cream, frozen yogurt) | 19.0 | 15.2–23.5 |
| Industrially produced ice cream, e.g. packaged in containers from the frozen food section in a store | 33.9 | 29.4–38.8 |
| Cheese | ||
| Cheese with white or blue mould, e.g. Camembert, Brie, Gorgonzola | 43.3 | 38.6–48.2 |
| Goat's milk cheese | 16.7 | 13.4–20.5 |
| Sheep's milk cheese, feta cheese | 32.2 | 27.7–37.0 |
| Mozzarella | 36.9 | 32.2–41.8 |
| Hard cheese, e.g. Appenzeller, Emmentaler, Parmesan | 64.6 | 59.7–69.2 |
| Quargel cheese or similar (Harzer Käse, Korbkäse or Handkäse) | 15.0 | 12.1–18.5 |
| Pre-cut, packaged cheese, e.g. slices of Gouda, or slices of various cheeses (‘Käseaufschnitt’) | 62.7 | 57.9–67.4 |
| Eggs and egg products | ||
| Chicken eggs, e.g. as boiled egg, scrambled egg, fried egg (sunny side up) or omelette | 81.4 | 77.2–84.9 |
| Quail eggs | 1.2 | 0.6–2.7 |
| Unheated food items that were prepared with raw eggs, e.g. homemade mayonnaise, tiramisu, mousse, raw cake dough, ‘Stockbrotteig’ (dough for bread on a stick) | 9.8 | 7.1–13.3 |
| Fish, shellfish, seafood | ||
| Salted herring (uncooked) (‘Matjeshering’, ‘Bismarckhering’ or similar) | 21.3 | 17.9–25.2 |
| Other fresh fish (whole fish or fish fillet, e.g. redfish or pollock) | 33.5 | 29.1–38.2 |
| Sushi with fish or shellfish | 7.2 | 4.7–11.0 |
| Oysters or other mussels | 3.4 | 2.1–5.6 |
| Other seafood, e.g. lobster, shrimp, squid | 16.2 | 12.7–20.3 |
| Smoked salmon (also pre-cut and packaged in plastic) | 20.4 | 17.2–24.1 |
| Other smoked or dried fish, e.g. trout, eel, mackerel (also packaged in plastic) | 14.7 | 11.5–18.6 |
| Sauces and dips | ||
| Salsa from fresh tomatoes | 6.7 | 4.5–9.9 |
| Avocado cream or guacamole | 10.7 | 8.1–14.1 |
| Pesto sauce | 14.6 | 11.4–18.6 |
| Fresh fruit or frozen berries | ||
| Apple | 82.6 | 78.0–86.4 |
| Pear | 36.9 | 32.2–41.7 |
| Water melon | 8.5 | 6.2–11.4 |
| Other melon, e.g. honeydew melon | 11.8 | 8.9–15.6 |
| Fresh strawberries | 9.4 | 6.7–13.1 |
| Fresh raspberries | 16.7 | 13.7–20.2 |
| Other fresh berries, e.g. blackberries, currants, gooseberries | 15.9 | 12.9–19.5 |
| Grapes | 63.5 | 58.5–68.3 |
| Fresh papaya or mango | 15.6 | 12.5–19.4 |
| Frozen berries, e.g. frozen strawberries, raspberries, or berry mix | 9.9 | 7.7–12.6 |
| Frozen berries, heated before consumption | 3.1 | 2.0–4.6 |
| Frozen berries, not heated before consumption | 6.2 | 4.5–8.5 |
| Fruit or vegetable juices | ||
| Fruit shake or smoothie (also smoothie from squeezable plastic container) | 9.9 | 7.3–13.4 |
| Freshly pressed, unpasteurised apple juice (also mixed with water) | 20.7 | 17.0–25.0 |
| Other freshly pressed, unpasteurised fruit or vegetable juice (also mixed with water) | 14.3 | 11.3–18.0 |
| Herbs | ||
| Fresh herbs, not heated before consumption, e.g. basil, chive, mint | 59.8 | 54.9–64.5 |
| Specialty foods | ||
| Paste of chickpeas (hummus), paste of sesame (tahini or halwa) | 8.8 | 6.3–12.1 |
| Dried tomatoes | 9.1 | 7.0–11.7 |
| Vitamins or minerals as food supplements, e.g. vitamin C, iron, magnesium | 29.9 | 25.5–34.7 |
| Other food supplements, e.g. goji berries, spirulina, (also as powder, tablets or capsules) | 3.2 | 2.1–5.0 |
| Sweets and desserts | ||
| Chocolate bar or candy bar with chocolate | 60.3 | 55.4–65.1 |
| Cake or pie, purchased (not homemade cake or pie) | 31.0 | 26.7–35.7 |
| Sweet pastries or pastries filled with cream (not homemade pastries) | 17.0 | 13.8–20.8 |
| Frozen pie or frozen pastries with berries | 5.0 | 3.1–8.0 |
| Water and tea | ||
| Tap water (drunk without prior heating; not tap water used to prepare tea etc.) | 58.4 | 53.5–63.1 |
| Mineral water (in bottles or TetraPak® carton) | 79.1 | 74.6–83.0 |
| Herbal tea or fruit tea, e.g. mint tea, or fennel tea | 64.9 | 60.2–69.4 |
| Other tea, e.g. black tea or green tea (also flavoured tea) | 41.0 | 36.3–45.9 |
Results from weighted analyses are shown. Variables with * were operationalised.