Fig. 4.

Time and specificity of vivo-MOs antiviral properties. (A) Vivo-MOs at a final concentration of 5 μM were applied to RD cells at various time points relative to EV-71 inoculation. In brief, vivo-MOs were applied for 4 h before, or 1, 2, 4, or 6 h after EV-71 infection at a MOI of 0.1. (B) RD cells were pre-treated with each of the vivo-MOs at a final concentration of 5 μM for 4 h at 37 °C before infection with other enteroviruses (EV-71 strain BrCr, UH1/97, PV and CV-A16) and CHIKV at a MOI of 0.1. The inhibitory effects of each of the vivo-MOs were evaluated by plaque assay 24 hpi and the percentages of inhibition are shown. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to the control. The data presented were obtained from at least two independent biological replicates.