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. 2005 Aug 5;32(3):523–559. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2005.04.006

Table 2.

Adverse reproductive outcomes associated with maternal infection

Maternal colonization/ organism Infertility Abortion Congenital anomalies Stillbirth IUGR Preterm birth Neonatal death Postnatal disease Long-term disability
Deafness Eye disease Neurologic
Bacterial vaginosis +
Chlamydia + + + +
Coxsackievirus ± + ±
Cytomegalovirus + + + + + + +
Echovirus ± +
Gonorrhoea + + +
Group B streptococcus + + + +
Hepatitis B +
Hepatitis C +
Herpes simplex + + + +
HIV ± ± + ±
HPV +
Influenza + ± +
Listeria + + + + + + +
Lyme borreliosis + + ± ±
Malaria + + + ±
Measles + + + +
Mumps + ± ±
Parvovirus + +
Rubella ± + + + + + + + +
SARS + + ± ±
Syphilis + + + + + + + + +
Toxoplasmosis + + + + +
Trichomonas +
Tuberculosis ± + +
Varicella + ± + + + + + +

−, Occurs rarely if at all; +, established relationship; ±, may occur, uncommon.

Data from Refs. [75], [134], [135], [136].