Table 1.
Examples of pathogens considered to have emerged via a species jump
| Pathogen | Original host | New host | Year reported | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies | ||||
| BSE/vCJD | Cattle | Humans | 1996 | [53] |
| Viruses | ||||
| Rinderpest | Eurasian cattle | African ruminants | Late 1800s | [4] |
| Myxoma virus | Brush rabbit/Brazilian rabbit | European rabbit | 1950s | [3] |
| Ebola virus | Unknown | Humans | 1977 | [54] |
| FPLV/CPV | Cats | Dogs | 1978 | [55] |
| SIV/HIV-1 | Primates | Humans | 1983 | [2] |
| SIV/HIV-2 | Primates | Humans | 1986 | [2] |
| Canine/Phocine distemper virus | Canids | Seals | 1988 | [56] |
| Hendra virus | Bats | Horses and humans | 1994 | [57] |
| Australian bat lyssavirus | Bats | Humans | 1996 | [57] |
| H5N1 influenza A | Chickens | Humans | 1997 | [32] |
| Nipah virus | Bats | Pigs and humans | 1999 | [57] |
| SARS coronavirus | Palm civets | Humans | 2003 | [58] |
| Monkeypox virus | Prairie dogs | Humans | 2003a | [59] |
| Bacteria | ||||
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Cattle | Humans | 1982 | [60] |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Deer | Humans | 1982 | [15] |
| Fungi | ||||
| Phytophthora infestans | Andean potato | Cultivated potato | 1840s | [8] |
| Cryphonectria parasitica | Japanese chestnut | American chesnut | Late 1800s | [9] |
a
Monkeypox was first reported in humans in 1970, but infections acquired from prairie dogs were not seen until 2003.