Table 4.
Associations between Essential Public Health Service (EPHS)a scores and local health department (LHD) characteristics among LHDs that completed the 2013 National Profile of Local Health Departments Survey, United Statesb
| Characteristic | Average Difference in Scorec on EPHS | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
EPHS 1
(n = 1407) |
EPHS 2
(n = 1148) |
EPHS 3
(n = 1397) |
EPHS 4
(n = 344) |
EPHS 5
(n = 1403) |
EPHS 6
(n = 1378) |
EPHS 7
(n = 1364) |
EPHS 8
(n = 366) |
EPHS 9
(n = 366) |
EPHS 10
(n = 358) |
|
| Population of jurisdiction (log) | 6.1 (4.3 to 7.9) |
3.2 (1.6 to 4.8) |
5.8 (4.5 to 7.1) |
3.9 (2.6 to 5.2) |
8.3 (6.8 to 9.8) |
5.3 (3.2 to 7.4) |
4.0 (2.9 to 5.0) |
2.1 (0.4 to 3.8) |
5.6 (3.3 to 7.8) |
8.0 (6.8 to 9.3) |
| Per-capita expenditures (log) | 8.2 (4.3 to 11.1) |
8.7 (6.1 to 11.7) |
11.1 (7.9 to 14.4) |
3.8 (1.7 to 6.0) |
5.4 (3.3 to 7.5) |
2.8 (–1.4 to 7.0) |
8.8 (6.9 to 10.6) |
0.8 (–3.1 to 4.6) |
3.9 (–0.7 to 8.5) |
5.1 (2.9 to 7.3) |
| Governance structure | ||||||||||
| Local governance | –1.5 (−18.7 to 15.6) |
–3.2 (–27.3 to 20.9) |
9.7 (–15.9 to 35.2) |
–0.9 (–10.3 to 8.6) |
–31.0 (–45.4 to –16.6) |
–15.9 (–30.5 to –1.4) |
7.1 (–5.5 to 19.7) |
22.5 (11.7 to 33.4) |
14.7 (–13.1 to 42.5) |
–10.9 (–20.3 to –1.5) |
| Shared governance | 6.2 (–3.8 to 16.2) |
9.6 (–6.8 to 26.1) |
12.2 (1.4 to 22.9) |
3.9 (–4.9 to 12.7) |
7.7 (2.1 to 13.3) |
–5.7 (–18.8 to 7.3) |
4.9 (–4.2 to 14.0) |
16.9 (3.4 to 30.4) |
17.4 (1.5 to 33.4) |
–4.5 (–13.3 to 4.3) |
| State governance | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] |
| Local board of health | ||||||||||
| Yes | 3.0 (0.5 to 6.0) |
0.7 (–5.2 to 6.6) |
7.9 (3.5 to 12.3) |
–1.6 (–5.9 to 2.7) |
3.1 (–0.6 to 6.8) |
3.6 (–0.7 to 7.9) |
0.4 (–2.4 to 3.3) |
3.2 (–2.9 to 9.3) |
7.5 (0.1 to 14.9) |
–1.4 (–5.8 to 2.9) |
| No | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Northeast | –8.5 (–20.2 to 3.2) |
–13.5 (–25.7 to –1.4) |
–5.4 (–13.8 to 3.0) |
2.1 (–4.2 to 8.4) |
5.1 (–1.4 to 11.5) |
24.7 (11.9 to 37.5) |
–18.1 (–23.1 to –13.2) |
–1.0 (–11.3 to 9.3) |
–8.8 (–19.9 to 2.3) |
3.8 (–2.5 to 10.1) |
| South | –3.8 (–16.0 to 8.4) |
11.6 (–3.3 to 26.6) |
–6.0 (–19.6 to 7.8) |
–1.4 (–8.9 to 6.1) |
–5.1 (–12.0 to 1.8) |
12.6 (–2.8 to 27.9) |
5.4 (–3.2 to 13.9) |
–11.2 (–20.7 to –1.7) |
–3.9 (–19.0 to 11.1) |
2.7 (–4.8 to 10.2) |
| West | –4.0 (–11.5 to 3.5) |
−8.4 (–17.0 to 0.2) |
3.6 (–4.3 to 11.5) |
2.1 (–4.8 to 9.1) |
1.9 (4.3 to 8.1) |
–1.9 (–11.1 to 7.4) |
–2.4 (–6.8 to 1.9) |
1.8 (–9.1 to 12.8) |
–3.8 (–12.1 to 4.4) |
1.9 (–5.0 to 8.9) |
| Midwest | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] | 1 [Ref] |
Abbreviation: Ref, reference.
a Data source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.4
b Data source: National Association of County and City Health Officials.6
c Calculated by using multivariate linear regression, the model provides the difference in mean EPHS scores between LHD characteristics.