Table.
Combinations of micro-organisms in human polymicrobial diseases
| Causal agents | Disease |
|---|---|
| Synergistic polymicrobial infections | |
| Human metapneumovirus with coronavirus or respiratory syncytial virus | SARS, bronchiolitis2, 3, 4 |
| Measles and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus | Measles5 |
| Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus | Multiple sclerosis9 |
| HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and/or HIV-1, HIV-2 | AIDS30 |
| HTLV-I and HTLV-II | Respiratory and urinary tract infections7 |
| HIV and M tuberculosis | AIDS8 |
| HBV or HCV and HIV-1 | AIDS31 |
| HIV and enteric viruses, Acinetobacter radioresistens, M tuberculosis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptosporidium parvum, Trichomonas vaginalis, and others | AIDS |
| Lyme disease with babesiosis or ehrlichiosis | Lyme disease |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Aspergillus fumigatus | Corneal infection |
| Infections predisposing to polymicrobial disease | |
| Influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenoviruses, measles viruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Strep pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Staph aureus, Neisseria meningitidis, M tuberculosis, or Bordetella pertussis | Respiratory disease10 |
| Coronavirus and Escherichia coli | SARS |
| Respiratory tract viruses and bacterial infections | Otitis media11, 12 |
| Varicella-zoster virus and Strep pyogenes | Invasive group A streptococcal disease32 |
| Additive polymicrobial infections | |
| Aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp | Periodontal disease33 |
| Prevotella-like bacteria | Caries |
| B pertussis, Strep pneumoniae, Staph aureus, H influenzae | Pertussis34 |
| Nocardia asteroides and Cryptococcus neoformans | Lung abscesses |
| Herpes zoster and tuberculosis | Tuberculosis |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S maltophilia, Prevotella oris, Fusobacterium gonidoformans, Bacteroides fragilis, Leptotrichia-like spp, Abiotrophia defecta, Citrobacter murliniae, Lautropia mirabilis, and Sarcina ventriculi | Cystic fibrosis25 |
| Aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria | Peritonitis13 |
| HBV, HCV, and HDV | Hepatitis14, 15 |
| HCV and HIV | Hepatitis14, 15 |
| Norwalk-like virus and Aeromonas sobria or E coli | Gastroenteritis |
| Schistosoma haematobium and S mansoni | Intestinal schistosomiasis |
| Combinations of Corynebacterium urealyticum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerococcus lactolyticus, Bact vulgatus, Dialister invisus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus iners, Leptotrichia amnionii, P buccalis, P ruminicola, Rahnella aquatilis, and Strep intermedius | Urinary tract infection |
| Staphylcoccus spp, Streptococcus spp, and HACEK group | Endocarditis |
| Microbial interference | |
| Flavivirus and HIV | AIDS19 |
| Strep pneumoniae and Staph aureus | Staph-aureus-related disease20, 21 |
SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome, HACEK=Haemophilus spp, Actinobacillus spp, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae.