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. 2020 Mar 27;7:80. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00080

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Copyright © 2020 Madduma Hewage, Prashar, Debnath, O and Siow.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside and palmitic acid on cytokine expression in human proximal tubular cells. Proximal tubular cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-Glu: 2, 10 or 20 μM) for 4 h followed by incubation with palmitic acid (PA) (0.2 mM) for another 4 h. The mRNA expression of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, and (C) MCP-1 were measured by using qPCR. The results are expressed as the means ± SE (n = 6). *p < 0.05 when compared with the value obtained from the control cells. ^#p < 0.05 when compared with the value obtained from palmitic acid treated cells.