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Effect of palmitic acid on cytokine expression in human proximal tubular cells. Proximal tubular cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of palmitic acid (PA, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mM) for 4 h. The mRNA expression of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, and (C) MCP-1 were measured by using qPCR analysis. The results are expressed as the means ± SE (n = 6). *p < 0.05 when compared with the value obtained from control cells.
