. 2012 Jun 29;756:291–301. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_36

Table 36.3.

Review of literature regarding co-infections

Reference	Tested pathogens	The number of co-infections (percentage of all positive specimens)	The number of pathogens detected per sample	Co-infections rates by respiratory viral pathogens	Study group
Freymuth et al. (1997)	IV-A; RSV; PIV-1, -2; PIV-3; hRV; Adv	50 (28.2%)	Double infection, n = 50	RSV = 90.0%; PIV-1/2/3 = 40.0% (PIV-3 = 34.0%); AdV = 28.0%; IV-A = 24.0%; hRV = 18.0%	277 hospitalized infants
Bellau-Pujol et al. (2005)	IV-A; IV-B; IV-C; RSV; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; PIV-4; hMPV; hRV; hCoV OC43/229E	33 (20.6%)	Double infection, n = 30	hRV = 81.8%; RSV = 42.4%; hMPV = 39.4%; PIV-1/2/3 = 27.3% (PIV-3 = 21.2%); hCoV OC43, IV-A/B = 6.1%	203 from hospitalized children
Bellau-Pujol et al. (2005)		33 (20.6%)	Three pathogens, n = 3		203 from hospitalized children
Yoo et al. (2007)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV OC43; hCoV 229E/NL63	16 (14.3%)	Double infection, n = 15	RSV-A/B = 81.3%; PIV = 62.5%; hMPV = 18.8%^a	200 children ≤5 years old
Yoo et al. (2007)		16 (14.3%)	Three pathogens, n = 1	RSV-A/B = 81.3%; PIV = 62.5%; hMPV = 18.8%^a	200 children ≤5 years old
Brunstein et al. (2008)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; PIV-4; hMPV; hRV; AdV; CVEV; bacterial pathogens^b	475 (40.4%)	Double infection, n = 371	No data of this type available	1,742 patients with ARI (80% pediatric and 20% adult)
			Three pathogens, n = 89
			Four pathogens, n = 14
			Five pathogens, n = 1
Calvo et al. (2008)	IV-A; IV-B; IV-C; RSV; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; PIV-4; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV 229E/OC43; EV	86 (17.4%)	Double infection, n = 70	RSV-A/B = 79.1%; AdV = 43.0%; hRV = 30.2%; hMPV = 22.1%; IV-A = 18.6%; EV = 10.5%; IV-C, PIV-1/2/3/4 = 9.3%; hCoV = 1.2%	749 hospitalized children under 24 months of age with ALRI
			Three pathogens, n = 12
			Four pathogens, n = 4
Roh et al. (2008)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV OC43; hCoV 229E/NL63	7 (21.2%)	Double infection, n = 7	AdV = 57.1%; IV-B, hRV = 28.6%; RSV-A, RSV-B, PIV-1, PIV-3, hCoV = each 14.3%	50 patients with ARI, (45 children, 5 adults)
Kim et al. (2009)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV OC43; hCoV 229E/NL63	13 (17.1%)	Double infection, n = 12	RSV-A/B = 69.3%, PIV-1/2/3 = 84.7%; hRV, AdV = 23.1%; IV-B = 7.7%	92 patients (86 children, 6 adults)
Kim et al. (2009)		13 (17.1%)	Three pathogens, n = 1		92 patients (86 children, 6 adults)
Lee et al. (2010)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV OC43; hCoV 229E/NL63; hBoV; EV	30 (29.1%)	Double infection, n = 25	RSV-A/B = 90.0%; hMPV = 33.3%; hRV = 20%; IV-A/B = 16.7%; PIV-3 = 16.7%; AdV = 16.7%; hCoV 229E/NL63 = 13.3%; hCoV OC43 = 10.0%; PIV-1 = 3.3%	220 pediatric patients with ALRI
			Three pathogens, n = 4
			Four pathogens, n = 1
Meerhoff et al. (2010)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1, PIV-2; PIV-3; PIV-4; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV; BoV; M. pneumo; C. pneumo	45 (47.9%)	Double infection, n = 25	BoV = 91%; RSV = 72%; hCoV = 71%; hMPV = 60%; hRV = 57%^a	98 infants
			Three pathogens, n = 17
			Four pathogens, n = 2
			Five pathogens, n = 1
Richard et al. (2008)	IV-A/B; RSV-A/B; PIV-1/2/3/4; hCoV NL63; hRV; EV	44 (25.4%)	Double infection, n = 44	RSV-A/B = 81.8%; hRV = 50.0%; hMPV = 18.2%; EV = 13.6%; IV-A/B, hCoV NL63 = 11.4%	180 hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis
Nascimento et al. (2010)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV NL63/HKU1; hBoV; EV	34 (47.2%)	Double infection, n = 22	RSV = 67.6%; hRV = 61.8%; EV = 44.1%; hMPV, BoV = 23.5%; PIV-3 = 17.6%; hCoV = 5.1%; IV-A, PIV-1 = 2.9%	77 infants with acute bronchiolitis
			Three pathogens, n = 8
			Four pathogens, n = 4
Do et al. (2011)	IV-A; IV-B; RSV-A; RSV-B; PIV-1; PIV-2; PIV-3; hMPV; hRV; AdV; hCoV OC43; hCoV 229E, NL63; hBoV; EV	62 (27.9%)	Double infection, n = 55	BoV = 43.5%; IV-A/B = 33.9%; RSV-A/B = 33.9%; hCoV NL63 = 25.8%; EV = 24.2%; AdV = 19.4%; PIV-1/2/3 = 12.9%; hRV = 9.7%; hMPV = 8.1%	309 children (2–13 year old) with ARI
			Three pathogens, n = 6
			Four pathogens, n = 1

Abbreviations: ARI acute respiratory tract infection, ALRI acute low respiratory tract infection, IV influenza virus: A (IV-A), B (IV-B) and C (IV-C), RSV respiratory syncytial virus: type A (RSV-A) and type B (RSV-B), PIV parainfluenza virus: type 1 (PIV-1), type 2 (PIV-2), typa 3 (PIV-3) and type 4 (PIV-4), hMPV human metapneumovirus, hRV human rhinovirus, AdV adenovirus, hCoV human coronavirus, hBoV human bocavirus, EV enteroviruses, CVEV coxsackie virus/echovirus family, M. pneumo Mycoplasma pneumoniae, C. pneumo Chlamydia pneumoniae

^a Co-infections rates by the most common viral pathogen

^b Haemophilus influenza (all types); Haemophilus influenzae (strains a, b, c and d); Haemophilus influenzae (strains e and f); Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Chlamydia pneumoniae; Legionella pneumophila; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Neiseria meningitidis