| 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia |
8 |
2916 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.73 [0.57, 0.94] |
| 1.1 1st and 2nd trimester |
1 |
520 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.42 [0.33, 0.52] |
| 1.2 2nd trimester |
1 |
42 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.38, 1.11] |
| 1.3 3rd trimester |
6 |
2354 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.75, 1.04] |
| 2 Satisfaction with pain relief (number of women who reported that they felt they had adequate pain relief) |
1 |
264 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.94, 1.20] |
| 3 Satisfaction with pain relief (7‐point scale reported two weeks postnatal) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 3.1 Pethidine |
1 |
72 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.41 [‐0.45, 1.27] |
| 3.2 Entenox |
1 |
357 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.19 [‐0.19, 0.57] |
| 3.3 Self‐hypnosis |
1 |
160 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.28 [‐0.32, 0.88] |
| 3.4 Epidural |
1 |
127 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.03 [‐0.40, 0.34] |
| 3.5 Water immersion |
1 |
174 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.52 [0.04, 1.00] |
| 4 Coping in labour (7‐point scale) |
1 |
420 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.22 [‐0.14, 0.58] |
| 5 Spontaneous vaginal birth |
6 |
2361 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.12 [0.96, 1.32] |
| 5.1 2nd trimester |
1 |
42 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.42 [1.43, 4.07] |
| 5.2 3rd trimester |
5 |
2319 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.93, 1.16] |
| 6 Pain intensity (Measured on McGill Pain Questionnaire Present Pain Intensity Scale) |
1 |
60 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.70 [‐1.03, ‐0.37] |
| 7 Pain intensity (memory of labour pain reported two weeks postnatal) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 7.1 Memory of labour pain ‐ "Worst imaginable" |
1 |
430 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.05 [‐4.14, 4.24] |
| 7.2 Memory of labour pain ‐ "Completely unbearable" |
1 |
429 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.26 [‐4.92, 4.40] |
| 8 Satisfaction with childbirth experience |
2 |
370 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.36 [0.52, 3.59] |
| 9 Satisfaction with childbirth experience (Mean Wijmas‐Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire score at 6 weeks postpartum) |
1 |
1126 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐4.40 [‐7.22, ‐1.58] |
| 10 Breastfeeding at discharge (any) |
3 |
1826 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.01 [0.98, 1.06] |
| 11 Assisted vaginal birth |
6 |
2363 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.80 [0.63, 1.03] |
| 12 Caesarean section |
5 |
2756 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.60, 1.34] |
| 13 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit |
4 |
2233 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.86, 1.30] |
| 14 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes |
3 |
1582 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.28, 3.71] |
| 15 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block |
6 |
2817 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.51, 1.27] |
| 16 Preterm birth |
1 |
1217 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.56, 1.65] |
| 17 Length of labour (minutes) |
2 |
559 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐93.78 [‐233.43, 45.87] |
| 18 Perineal trauma |
1 |
1217 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.80, 1.03] |
| 19 Induction of labour |
4 |
2247 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.77, 1.25] |
| 20 Augmentation of labour |
3 |
2165 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.88, 1.08] |
| 21 Primary postpartum haemorrhage (> 500 mL) |
2 |
1522 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.12 [0.59, 2.15] |
| 22 Cost (as defined by trialists) |
1 |
672 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
4.83 [‐257.78, 267.44] |
| 23 Need for postpartum blood transfusion |
2 |
827 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.30 [0.55, 3.04] |
| 24 Postnatal depression |
3 |
1562 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.77, 1.47] |
| 25 Postnatal depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) |
1 |
376 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.21 [‐0.28, ‐0.15] |
| 26 Number of maternal days in hospital after birth (> 2 days) |
1 |
42 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.11 [0.02, 0.83] |
| 27 Other adverse events ‐ newborn resuscitation |
1 |
520 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.11, 3.96] |
| 28 Other adverse events ‐ women readmitted to hospital |
1 |
267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.56 [0.62, 3.90] |
| 29 Other adverse events ‐ infants readmitted to hospital |
1 |
267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.39 [0.64, 3.02] |
| 30 Other adverse events ‐ maternal admission to HDU/ICU |
1 |
305 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.47 [0.25, 8.68] |
| 31 Other adverse events ‐ stillbirth |
1 |
522 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.91 [0.30, 27.79] |
